Corruption of Love Within the Inncocent Essay Example for Free

Corruption of Love Within the Inncocent Essay Within the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein the concept of love is found within characters that are innocent and filled with good intentions. In all three works, love fills specified characters with joy and gratefulness towards the other characters who they claim to love. Unfortunately, the characters that experience love are only satisfied with its graces until it somehow gets corrupted. The minds of the victimized characters are filled with anger, hatred, and some with the idea of vengeance. Corruption of love within Othello, Dracula, and Frankenstein come with causes and effects. In the two works Frankenstein and Othello, both Frankenstein’s creation and Othello were in love. The creature was in love with the cottagers and Othello was in love with Desdemona. When being presented with evidence to no longer feel love towards the people they claim to admire- it causes them to hate. The corruption in the relationships of Jonathan Harker from Dracula and Victor Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein is primarily caused by the supernatural beings working against them. Frankenstein’s love (Elizabeth) is murdered by the beast he creates, and Jonathan’s love (Mina) was corrupted when she is bitten by Dracula. The effect of love being corrupted in the works Frankenstein and Dracula results with the characters to seek revenge and to stop Frankenstein’s creature and Dracula from causing more pain to humanity. As a result of the characters Othello and the monster created by Frankenstein having their love corrupted, they murder the people who they see as the motivation for all of their actions. Once these characters come to a realization of their mistakes, it is too late and they commit suicide. Thus the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein all focus on the causes and effects of love being corrupted within the innocent and how it changes its victims for the worst. The creation of Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein and Othello from the play Othello are b oth affectionate towards the ones they love. The creature loves the cottagers and Othello is in love with Desdemona. They put their loved ones on a pedestal and admire them for the many things they do. The cottagers taught the creation of Frankenstein how to socialize; how to speak, how to show affection towards others, to work with others, how to be humble, etc. By fascinating him and impressing him with the ways they lived their lives, he grew to love them without having to make a personal appearance. Othello is in love with a woman who he believes is forever loyal to him. Desdemona proves her love for Othello when she agrees to elope with him. As a token of Othello’s love, he presents Desdemona with a handkerchief that belonged to his mother. However, when the creation of Victor Frankenstein and Othello are given evidence that the ones they love are no longer worthy of their affection- their attitudes change completely and they let go of all previous feelings. Frankenstein’s creature had bad encounters with humans in the past, but from his observations of the De Lacey’s, he assumes they are different and won’t reject him. After discovering that he would undergo the same harsh treatment from his beloved cottagers as those from the other village, it is stated by the beast himself, â€Å"I could with pleasure have destroyed the cottage and its inhabitants and have glutted myself with their shrieks and misery† (125). He then changes his feelings of love towards humanity into hate, and swears to get revenge on the man who created and abandoned him to be tortured and neglected. Othello is told that his wife has been having affairs with one of his most trusted companions (Cassio). He dismisses the thought immediately and sees no threat until he is provided with visual proof from Iago. After seeing Cassio with his mother’s handkerchief, Othello perceives the innocent Desdemona as guilty. â€Å"Ay, let her rot and perish and be damned tonight, for she Shall not live† (4.1.172) exclaims Othello. The situation makes him so enraged that he no longer cares for her existence and he is now willing to get prepared to execute her. Therefore, the characters Othello and Frankenstein’s creation are filled with hatred and the need for vengeance once they feel that they are victims whose love has been corrupted and abused. The supernatural beings Count Dracula from the novel Dracula and the monster produced by Victor Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein work as the main forces that contribute to the corruption of the relationships of Jonathan Harker and Victor Frankenstein. Jonathan constantly shows his affection towards Mina by portraying her to be his motivation to stay alive in Dracula’s castle. Both he and his betrothed are anxious to be reunited. Growing up together, Frankenstein has always been very fond of Elizabeth. Both characters come to the conclusion that they share mutual feelings of love towards one another and decide to get married. Both couples remain happy until they have encounters with beings that have selfish intentions of destroying their relationships for their satisfaction. It is stated by Count Dracula, â€Å"Your girls that you all love are mine already; and through them you and others shall yet be mine my creatures, to do all my bidding and to be my jackals when I want to feed† (332). The quote implies that the female characters in the novel Dracula- like Mina Harker are no longer bonded with their lovers but are enslaved by The Count. When being held under the power of Dracula, Mina is not in her right state of mind and she no longer prioritizes her love for Jonathan. Victor Frankenstein is given an ultimatum by his creature to create a companion. However, Victor is unwilling because he does not want to be responsible for more chaos that could potentially be caused. After being denied of his request, the monster threatens, â€Å"I will be with you on your wedding night† (Frankenstein, 158), and the thought alone tormented Frankenstein. On Victor’s wedding night, the words of the monster were no longer a threat, but reality. Elizabeth was found murdered in their room. Therefore, when Count Dracula bites Mina and the monster created by Frankenstein murders Elizabeth; they corrupt the love of both couples by preventing the women to love their partners back. When love is corrupted in the two works Frankenstein and Dracula, outcomes are characters who want to seek revenge and to defeat both fiends before they cause more chaos and pain. The creature created by Frankenstein has proved itself to be dangerous to humanity. At first, the people who hadpersonal encounters with him just assumed he was a threat because of his appearance. After being so tired of being rejected, the beast shows himself as someone who would kill innocent people for satisfaction. Specifically, he targets Victor’s loved ones as a punishment for creating him and abandoning him in an atmosphere that does not accept him. In the novel Dracula, The Count is seen as a hazard as well. In one of his many forms, he approaches the innocent and attacks them with a bite so he can use them for his selfish needs. After the loss of practically everyone he holds dear to him, Victor decides that he has been through enough. â€Å"I devote myself, either in my life or death to hi s destruction† (191), concluded Victor confidently. By saying so, Victor made the commitment to devote the rest of his life to finding the beast that destroyed the lives of so many innocent people. The warning, â€Å"We must either capture or kill this monster in his lair; or we must, so to speak, sterilise the earth† (261), is said to inform that it is requirement to put an end to Dracula in order to save the rest of the human race from becoming his slaves. With that being said, Van Helsing and the other male characters eagerly set out on the hunt for Dracula. Therefore, results of love being corrupted within the works Dracula and Frankenstein are the affected characters feeling obligated to avenge the death of their loved ones and destroy those who inflicted pain so they can not hurt anyone else. Committing murder is a result of corrupted love in regards to the characters Othello from the work Othello and the monster created by Frankenstein from the novel Frankenstein. The two types of murders that occur are ones directed towards people seen as the cause for feelings of being Victimized, and suicide from guilt and regret. Being persuaded that he has been betrayed by the innocent Desdemona, Othello is enraged by the idea and declares, â€Å"Yet she must die, else shell betray more men† (5.2.6). Determined to put an end to his wife, Othello does not realize that he is falsely accusing Desdemona, and is making a huge mistake by bringing her to her death bed. At first, the beast feels remorse for being responsible for personally taking two innocent lives. However, after being denied a companion, the monster of Frankenstein is filled with hatred and believes that it is essential for his creator to feel just as lonely as he does. He is not satisfied until all the loved ones in the life of Victor Cabildo Frankenstein are dead. After finally being revealed the truth about Desdemona’s innocence by Bianca, Othello is filled with shame, misery and regret. To punish himself for being responsible of destroying the love of his life, he kills himself to join her in the afterlife. Once the beast discovers the recent death of his creator he says, â€Å"What does it avail that I now ask thee to pardon me? I, who irretrievably destroyed thee by destroying all thou lovedst† (Frankenstein, 209). Feeling guilty and responsible of the situation, like Othello, the beast also decides to join the deceased by murdering himself. Therefore, the characters in the works Othello and Frankenstein who act as villains commit suicide because of the shame and regret that overwhelms their consciences when they realize they have murdered innocent people. Corruption of love in the relationships of the innocent characters in the works of William Shakespeare’s Othello, Bram Stoker’s Dracula and Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein are based on the causes and effects and how it alters its innocent targets to becoming their worst. Characters like Othello and the creation of Frankenstein freely showed their affection until they were provided with reason to express hatred. Thanks to the supernatural villains in the works Dracula and Frankenstein, love was corrupted in the relationships of Jonathan Harker and Victor Frankenstein when they could no longer approach their loved ones in the same way. When love was corrupted in the works Dracula and Frankenstein, the affected characters felt obligated to seek revenge and prevent any harm towards the rest of humanity by putting an end to the villains that posed a threat. By being affected by corrupted love, the characters Othello and the monster of Frankenstein even resorted to murdering innocent lives. Unfortunately they did not identify the mistakes that were made until it was too late. Out of guilt and shame of their actions and the villains commit suicide to join the ones they killed. With so many lives being lost throughout the three works, it can be seen as a tragedy. The love of those lost can never be expressed or brought back; and that defines the situation as turning out for the worst. Therefore, negative interferences in any shape or form contribute to the corruption of love within the innocent characters from the three works- which leads to the motivation for revenge and killing. Work Cited: Shakespeare, William. Othello New York: Washington Square Press: 1993. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein New York: Bantam: 2004. Stade, George. â€Å"Introduction†. Dracula New York: Bantam, 2006 v-xiv. Stoker, Bram. Dracula New York: Bantam: 2004.

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Traditional Absorption Costing And Activity Based Costing

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Traditional Absorption Costing And Activity Based Costing The major distinguishing features of ABC compared with traditional costing system are that ABC systems assign costs to activity cost centres rather than departments. (Drury, 2008) Although traditional absorption techniques may apparently seem to less complicated or tedious as opposed to ABC, the report will show why, ABC is the best most accurate technique. The traditional technique used to determine which technique is better of the two will be absorbing indirect costs on a labour hour basis. Why does the company need either absorption costing or ABC? There are two main reasons why the company needs to employ either technique these include; To identify product costs for pricing and/or cost control purposes Its necessary for manufacturers to ascertain the cost of closing stock in order to measure and report profits to the shareholders, plus in the UK SSAP 9 IN 1975 has requires all companies to include manufacturing overheads in the cost of closing stock. (Drury, 2008) Differences between Traditional Absorption Costing and ABC There are three major differences between absorption costing and ABC: In traditional cost accounting it is assumed that cost objects consume resources whereas in ABC it is assumed that cost objects consume activities. Traditional cost accounting mostly utilizes volume related allocation bases while ABC uses drivers at various levels. Traditional cost accounting is structure-oriented whereas ABC is process-oriented. (Emblemsvag, 2008) This is further illustrated in the figure below (Emblemsvag, 2008) ABC brings detailed information from the processes up to assess costs and manage capacity on many levels whereas traditional cost accounting methods simply allocate costs, or capacity to be correct, down onto the cost objects without considering any cause and effect relations (Emblemsvag, 2008). Further differences include; (James D. Tarr, 2004) Traditional cost models apply resources to products in two ways. So called direct costs like material and direct labour are attributed directly to the product and other resources are arbitrarily allocated to the product, typically through the mechanism of direct labour hours, labour dollars or machine hours. Sales, marketing and administrative costs are not included in product costs. Activity Based Costing (ABC) does not change the way material and direct labour are attributed to manufactured products with the exception that direct labour loses its special place as a surrogate application method for overhead resources. Direct labour is considered another cost pool to be assigned to processes and products in a meaningful manner, no different than any other resource. The primary task of activity based costing is to break out indirect activities into meaningful pools which can then be assigned to processes in a manner which better reflects the way costs are actually incurred. The system must recognize that resources are consumed by processes or products in different proportions for each activity. With ABC, all costs reside in resources, which are such things as material, labour, space, equipment and services. Resources are consumed by activities which have no inherent cost. The cost associated with activities represents the amount of resource they consume per unit of activity. Resources and activities are then applied to cost objects, that is, the purpose for which the resource is consumed and the activity is performed. Each resource and activity has a unit of measure which defines the amount of the resource consumed or activity required by a unit of demand for it. Resources can be consumed by resources (e.g. office space resource is consumed by an employee resource), by activities (e.g. telephone resource is consumed by a customer service call activity) or by cost objects (e.g. material resource is consumed by a product cost object). Activities can be performed in support of another activity (e.g. invoice printing activity supports the billing activity) or in response to a cost object (e.g. purchase orders are issued to support the material acquisition process). A cost object can be a process or product and either an interim cost object or an end user (customer) cost object. For example, hiring personnel may be a cost object of Human Resources Department utilizing space, utility, telephone, supply and labour resources and performing advertising, calling, interviewing and orientation activities. That cost object may be a resource used by other departments to secure labour resource for their department. Building a network of resources, activities and cost objects defines the operational flow of the process or processes to be costed. Each resource and activity has a unit of measure which converts them at a unit of demand rate. If a cost model is to be useful and effective in determining process and product costs, it is imperative that the business process be identified and understood first. Only then can costs be attached to determine the cost of the defined process.  (James D. Tarr, 2004) Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional absorption costing techniques Advantages: (College Accounting Coach, 2006) It recognizes the importance of fixed costs in production. This method is accepted by Inland Revenue as stock is not undervalued This method is always used to prepare financial accounts; When production remains constant but sales fluctuate absorption costing will show less fluctuation in net profit and Unlike marginal costing where fixed costs are agreed to change into variable cost, it is cost into the stock value hence distorting stock valuation. Disadvantages: Ignores the fact that different products make different demands on factory support services. (Drury, 2008) As absorption costing emphasized on total cost namely both variable and fixed, it is not so useful for management to use to make decision, planning and control. (College Accounting Coach, 2006) As the managers emphasis is on total cost, the cost volume profit relationship is ignored. The manager needs to use his intuition to make the decision. (College Accounting Coach, 2006) Lucey, lists the following Advantages and Disadvantages of Activity Based Costing (ABC) (Lucey, 2002) Advantages: More realistic product costs are provided especially in, industries where support overheads are a significant proportion of total costs. More overheads can be traced to the product. ABC is concerned with all activities so takes product costing beyond the traditional factory floor basis. It recognises activities which cause cost, not products and it is products which consume activities. Focuses attention on the real nature of cost behaviour and helps in reducing costs and identifying activities which do not add value to the product. ABC recognises the complexity and diversity of modern production by the use of multiple cost drivers, many of which are transaction based rather than based solely on production volume. ABC provides a reliable indication of long run variable product cost which is relevant to strategic making. ABC is flexible enough to trace costs to processes, customers, areas of managerial responsibility, as well as product costs. ABC provides useful financial measures (e.g. cost driver rates) and non-financial measures (e.g. transactions volume) Disadvantages: Even though ABC removes most the problems with traditional absorption techniques its faced with the following criticism The choice of cost drivers. It is a simplistic assumption that a chosen cost driver is an adequate summary measure of complex activities The assumption of a direct, linear relationship between the usage of a cost driver and the amount of overheads. Very few costs indeed are truly variable in this sense whether in the short or long term. The problem of common costs. It is often difficult to attribute costs to single activities; some costs support several activities. Tracing difficulties. It is not always apparent which product should carry the traced overhead. Complexity. A full ABC system having numerous cost pools and cost drivers is more complex and consequently more expensive to operate. (Lucey, 2002) Definitions: An allocation: where discrete items of cost can be allotted to cost centres An apportionment: this is where the cost has to be spread or shared over several cost centres Absorption rates: Is the rate determined in advance for all cost centres for allocating fixed costs and variable costs (together or separately) to the output, in an accounting period. Recommendation: I suggest that the company consider adopting the ABC technique as this is much more suitable way to monitor costs especially in a company in where direct costs are a declining proportion of total cost and support overheads are a major proportion of costs in this company and is therefore of considerable importance that these support overheads are traced to product costs in a more realistic manner.

Application of the marketing mix

Application of the marketing mix INTRODUCTION The marketing mix is among the most widely accepted marketing concepts in the world of business (McCarthy 1960; Bartels 1983; Shapiro 1985). However, over the years the marketing mix has come under intense scrutiny from both academics of the marketing discipline and practitioners alike. This feeling was captured by Constantinides when he stated: Few topics of the commercial theory have so intensively inspired as well as divided the marketing academia as the 4Ps Marketing Mix framework (Constantinides, 2006: p.407) This essay aims to critically assess the relevance of the marketing mix for the current marketing approaches. To accomplish this, an overview of the marketing mix is given. This is followed by an exploration of some of the contemporary approaches to marketing which will lead to a consideration of the arguments in support of the marketing mix and the criticisms against it. Finally, in the light of the arguments and criticisms the relevance of the marketing mix for contemporary approaches to marketing will be appraised. OVERVIEW OF THE MARKETING MIX The marketing mix can be defined as the controllable and tactical marketing tools that the firm combines to achieve the desired response in its target market. It comprises all the measures the firm can employ to stimulate the demand for its goods and/or services (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). The ultimate goal of any firm is to create a product or service that will be perceived as unique in the eyes of prospective consumers so that they will prefer it to other competing brands. In creating this unique selling proposition (USP), the marketers can blend four basic ingredients in a number of different ways to obtain different results. These four ingredients are usually referred to as the 4Ps and comprise- product, price, place (distribution) and promotion (Baker, 2007). Costantinides (2006) and Gronroos (1994) trace the origin of the marketing mix to the 1960s when Neil Borden identified twelve controllable marketing components that would yield profit if properly managed. Borden considered the marketing mix to be a concise, realistic and vivid expression of the admixture of the marketing ingredients, techniques and processes chosen by a marketing manager to create a marketing plan (Banting and Ross, 1973; Waterschoot and Van den Bulte, 1992). It was later reduced to four factors by Jerome McCarthy (McCarthy, 1964 cited in Constantinides, 2006) and this simplified version became the most widely accepted definition of the marketing mix (Judd, 2002). The 4Ps marketing mix commanded utmost respect in the minds of both marketing scholars and practitioners for decades that in the words of Gronroos (1994) and Kent (1986) it was considered heresy to challenge its position as the basic foundation of all marketing thinking. This belief strongly reinforces the dominance of the marketing mix during this period and suggests that there was a need for a theory that could be applied for the solution of most marketing management issues. According to Harker and Egan (2006) certain economic conditions contributed to the perceived superiority of the marketing mix paradigm. Harker and Egan (2006) opine that a key feature of the United States domestic market after the Second World War was homogeneity of products which resulted in increased demand for standardised consumer products and the rise of the USA as the dominant marketing culture. The demand, notwithstanding, there was need to ensure that consumption matched output (Packard, 1957 cited in Harker and Egan, 2006). Thus, a formal and reliable marketing approach was required to provide this fit (OMalley and Patterson, 1998). The popularity and dominance of the marketing mix paradigm was further enhanced by its simplicity and ease of communication (Waterschoot and Van den Bulte 1992; Constantinides, 2006; Harker and Egan, 2006). From the above submission, it can be argued that the marketing mix paradigm was borne out of necessity- a necessity for a simple, realistic and reliable framework that could be applied for the solution of general and specific marketing problems that arose in that era. Considering the under-developed marketing structure and knowledge gap that existed at that time, the formulation of the 4Ps marketing mix paradigm could not have come at a better time. Thus, it goes without saying that the relevance of its application to the transactional marketing approach- the primary approach to marketing in the 20th century-is indubitable. However, due to the shortcomings of the transactional approach to marketing, there was the need for a paradigm shift from a product-oriented approach to one that focused on the customer. Thus, the academia and marketing practitioners began to question the efficacy of the marketing mix framework as the answer to all marketing problems. The 4Ps were considered too narrow to adequately address the many aspects of marketing management and laid excessive emphasis on the product and processes with little or no thought for the customer. The increased sophistication of customers and the dynamic nature of the business environment meant that organisations had to adapt regularly to the changes that occur in the environment or risk losing market share with the consequence of possible liquidation. This situation led to the emergence of several modern marketing approaches that shifted attention from the product to the customer thereby ushering in the era of market orientation. Some of the contemporary approaches to marketing that emerged as a response to the continuous evolution of the business environment include Relationship marketing, Interaction marketing and Network marketing (Constantinides, 2006; Coviello et al, 1997; Gronroos, 1997). These modern approaches demanded a re-thinking of the marketing process in order to achieve effective and efficient implementation. Based on this need for a re-definition of the marketing process, it was inevitable that the marketing mix paradigm would come up for debate with regards to the relevance of its application to the aforementioned marketing approaches. Relationship marketing involves the development and maintenance of mutually satisfying exchange relations with customers and other parties at a profit, so that the objectives of all the parties are realised (Gronroos, 1994; Baker, 2007, Coviello et al, 1997). The implication of this viewpoint is that every organisation must cooperate with other parties within its business environment and beyond in order to achieve its ultimate aim. The 21st century market is replete with opportunities and challenges that were relatively unknown in the 20th century. To harness the opportunities and overcome the challenges effectively and efficiently entails building up a long-term relationship with the customers and all other stakeholders that directly or indirectly influence an organisations operations. This situation suggests that certain changes would have to occur in the organisations overall business processes, especially the marketing processes, to ensure a seamless implementation of relationshi p marketing. Gronroos (1994), Gummesson (1994, 1997) and Goldsmith (1999) argue that firms practising a transactional marketing approach stand to benefit most from a traditional marketing mix approach because of the absence of personal interactions with their customers and emphasis on mass markets. However, the marketing mix tends to be restrictive for a relation-oriented firm. The most significant customer interactions from a marketing success perspective are outside the scope of the marketing mix and marketing specialists. The customer decides whether to maintain business relations with a firm based on the effect of his/her contacts with the people, technology, and operations and other non-marketing functions. This position is supported by Ailawadi et al (2001) who doubt the impact of promotion and advertising as marketing tools for customer retention. This proposition suggests that the customers interactions with any firm transcends the marketing functions and includes all indirect transaction s with the non-marketing functions within the firm. Relationship marketing advocates the inclusion of all the functional units in any organisation towards creating value for the customer. The effective and efficient implementation of this customer-oriented approach requires that certain critical changes occur within the organisation. These requisite changes will cut across the whole organisation, but will focus more on the marketing functions because of the direct and frequent interactions with the customers. The change in the marketing functions will lead to a complete shift or modifications in the methods tools adopted by the organisation in creating value for the customer. This, invariably, would necessitate a review of the organisations marketing mix. Such reviews have surfaced in Kotlers redefinition of the 4Ps to the 4Cs namely, customer solution, customer cost, convenience and communication (Kotler et al., 1999 cited in Kruger et al., 2003 and Ashcroft and Hoey 1999). This re definition suggests a shift from the era of product-orientation to customer-orientation which is the essence of relationship marketing. However, it also suggests that the marketing mix is still relevant but there is need for some modification to suit the dynamic marketing environment. Judd (2002) proposes an expansion of the 4Ps marketing mix by including the employees of any organisation as the fifth P. This viewpoint is supported by the fact that the employees are an integral part of any organisation. They are the point of contact between the organisation and its customers. However, like Kotlers 4Cs, this proposed expansion of the 4Ps to 5Ps also points to the relevance of the marketing mix, but with some modification to suit appropriate markets. This argument is supported by Groonroos (1994) when he opines that relationships do not operate in isolation. Relationships function in combination with the other marketing tools already in operation within a given organisation in order t o successfully create value for both the customer and the organisation. The application of the traditional marketing mix elements of product, price, promotion and place would be necessary at some point in the interactions between the customer and the organisation. This standpoint implies that, notwithstanding the criticisms of the traditional marketing mix paradigm, its elements still contribute in one way or the other in the effective implementation of the relationship marketing approach. Criticism of the marketing mix has also arisen in the area of social marketing. Murphy et al., (1978) argue that the implementation of certain marketing strategies is unethical especially in the area of packaging, promotion, price and distribution channels. This argument tends to suggest that the marketing mix is responsible for the unethical practices that may occur during implementation. However, responsibility for the implementation of the marketing mix is within the purview of the marketing and non-marketing functional units within the organisation. They are responsible for any unethical practices that may occur in the course of implementing the marketing strategies and not the marketing mix. Also, the marketing mix has been applied by social marketing in the public health sector. Montoya et al, (2005), Pirani and Reizes (2005) and Grier and Bryant (2005) agree that the application of the marketing mix is essential in the role of social marketing in public health. The elements are combined in different ways to bring about the desired change in the target market. Attempts have been made to incorporate the marketing mix theory into other non-marketing sectors. Lees-Marshment (2001) suggests that political parties have adopted a marketing-orientation with significant electoral success. Lloyd (2003) suggests the application of the marketing mix to the political arena by recommending the development of a political marketing mix that comprises five components namely, services offering, representation, accommodation, investment and outcome. The implication of the aforementioned suggestions is that the marketing mix can contribute enormously to the smooth operation of political parties in particular, and the government in general. CONCLUSION Though the marketing mix has been criticised as being too narrow and product-oriented, it is still relevant in contemporary marketing approaches. As has been discussed above, there is need for some modifications in the mix portfolio. Redefinition of the marketing mix does not reduce its relevance; it only serves to shift its focus to the modern trends in the market place. 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The turning point social marketing national excellence collaboration: integrating social marketing into routine public health practice. Journal of Public Health Management, Vol.11, No.2, pp.131-138. Shapiro, B. (1985). Rejuvenating the marketing mix. Havard Business Review, pp. 28-34. Van Waterschoot, W. and Van den Bulte, C. (1992). The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited. Journal of Marketing, Vol.56, No.4, pp.83-93.

James Joyces Eveline and Araby Essay -- Papers James Joyce

James Joyce's Eveline and Araby James Joyce uses similar themes and language devices in both 'Araby' and 'Eveline.' Although this is so, there are also important differences to be noted. Joyce wrote these stories over one hundred years ago but yet we can still relate to the issues covered in the modern world today. James Joyce could have written these short stories as an inspiration from his own background or based them on the events happening in Dublin at that time. These stories were written as a new century was beginning. The people of Dublin soon realized the sense of hope for the new century had faded due to the fall and death of Parnell. This relates to both of the stories as a sense of false hope is given in each. Joyce sensed exhaustion and emptiness in Dublin and these are also the emotional results in both stories. In 'Araby,' the story is written in first person narrative. This gives you a chance to get a detailed point of view of the boy's feelings. This makes you more emotionally involved in the story, as it becomes more convincing if you understand the range of emotions the boy is going through. On top of this, the story is written as though it were an event, which happened many years ago. It could have been a significant event in his life as it is very much portrayed in this way. In 'Eveline,' the narration is third person. Although the feelings are not expressed deeply, you can still get a sense of the emotions she was feeling. These emotions are expressed greatly through rhetorical questions. Themes are an important issue in both stories. Both stories contain the themes of blind love, religion, family, p... ... frequently in both. An example from 'Eveline' is, 'Why should she be unhappy?' This line shows that even though there is a third person narration, we can still experience her feelings. Both stories have a modern relevance that we can interact with. In 'Araby,' the boy experiences momentary infatuation and this is something everyone experiences in some point of their life. In 'Eveline,' she feels that she has to escape from her family and run away with the man of her dreams. Do many women not dream of this today? In conclusion, I think that both these stories were both very similar as the themes and language devices are essential in both. It has a very good relevance to the modern world and the writer conveys different advantages by using different narration techniques in both. Both stories were successful!

Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts Essay -- essays research papers

Assignment III-B: Dutch and Belgium Organ Donation Acts. In Belgium there is a different post mortem organ donation law than in The Netherlands, although they both have the same main purpose: they seek to increase the supply of donors. In Belgium it is presumed that each citizen has consented to the harvest of organs following death unless an objection to such a harvest was recorded, an opt-out system. Belgium combines presumed consent with a practice of inquiring into the wishes of the next of kin. One advantage of presumed consent is that there is no need to refer to drivers’ licenses or donor cards, which may not be carried at the relevant time. Another is that distraught family members do not need to make a positive decision to approve harvest. The patient has been able to record their objection, if any, during their lifetime, so the decision to do so will have rested with them and doctors are spared the difficult task of asking for consent. The decision whether or not to object was that of the patient made in a reasoned manner and cannot be overturned by family (1). In The Netherlands each citizen is given the opportunity to indicate whether or not they are willing to donate their organs in the event of their death, or whether they would prefer to leave the decision to their relatives, a full decision system. General consent may be given for the removal of organs and tissues, or one may withhold consent in relation to certain parts of the body. The Organ Donation Ac...

Nebosh Igc Study Notes

Element 6 Page 1 of 6 Describe the general principles of control and basic hierarchy of risk reduction measures that encompass technical, behavioral and procedural controls? General Principles of Prevention: There are some general principles of prevention that can be applied to eliminate hazards and reduce the risk in the workplace. These principles rely on the correct selection of technical, procedural and behavioral controls. 1. Avoid risk: 2. Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided 3. Control hazards at source: 4. Adapt work to suit the individual 5. Adapt to technical progress 6.Replace the dangerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous 7. Develop logical overall prevention policy 8. Give priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures: 9. Give appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision to employees. Avoid Risks: Where possible Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided: Through the risk assessment process Control hazards at sourc e: By going to the source of the problem directly (e. g. if there is noise hazards in the workplace tackle the source of the nose> Adapt work to suit the individual:By applying good ergonomic principles to job and workplace design (by job rotation) Replace the dangerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous: By substituting one hazard with something less hazardous e. g. replace a corrosive chemical with one that does the same job but is classified as less irritant and less harmful Develop a coherent overall prevention policy: By consistency using the same approach across the whole organization Give priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures: By creating a workplace that is safe for all rather than relying on measures that only protect one worker at a time e. . install a guard rail rather than rely on PPE. Why do instruction, training and supervision form a part of safe system? Give appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision to employee: So that workers have the necessary background information to make correct choices. IGC-1 Element 6 Page 2 of 6 When selecting control options form these general principles of prevention you should be aware that preventive measure can be categorized as: 1. Technical 2. Procedural 3. Behavioral General Hierarchy of Control The following elements make up the general hierarchy of control: 1. . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Avoid risks Elimination / substitution Reduce exposure or the time of exposure Isolation / segregation Engineering controls Safe system or work Training and information Personal protective equipment Welfare Monitoring and supervision Avoid risks Risk avoidance is simply to avoid completely the activity giving rise to the risk Elimination / substitution If a hazard can be eliminated then the risk created by the hazards disappears. For example hazardous substances can sometimes be replaced with materials which do the same job but present no risk to health.Reduce exposure or the time of exposure If the degree to which a worker is exposed to hazard can be reduced then that worker is far less likely to have an accident with that hazard. For example an engineer who spend all day working on machinery with hazardous moving parts is more likely to suffer injury than the engineer who spend only an hour of their working day to exposed to the same hazard. Isolation / segregation Isolation: The aim her to isolate the hazard physically so that nobody is exposed to it e. g. coustic enclosure of a noisy machine to reduce the noise exposure; guards around moving machinery to prevent contact Segregation: refer to the idea that certain hazards must not be accessible to unauthorized workers e. g. in a workplace with radiation hazard only authorized person should have access only What do engineering controls do? Engineering controls IGC-1 Element 6 Page 3 of 6 Engineering control involves use of an engineering solution to prevent exposure to the hazard. Engi neering control also refer to the inclusion of safety features that ensure that the item is used in correct way.For example interlock switches are fitted to moveable guard on machinery to ensure that when guard is open the machine will not work but guard is close it will. Safe system of work Safe system of work procedure helps to eliminate hazards or minimizes the risk associated with them. Training and information Training is instrumental in enabling employees to become competent. Personal protective equipment Equipment or clothing that is worn or held by a worker that protects them from one or more risks to their safety or health. It is duty of employer to: ? ? ? ? ? Supply suitable PPE where risk cannot be controlled by other more effective methods Ensure that when tow more items of PPE have to be worn together they are compatible Provide suitable storage for PPE Provide information instructions and training to workers on the PPE they will wear. Enforce the use of PPE Replace or repair damaged or lost items. Welfare Welfare facilities include the provision of toilets, washing facilities, clean drinking water, rest area and clean place for eat meals. Monitoring and supervisionMonitoring: For maintain surveillance over something by periodic observation or measurement and inspection to ensure that they are using prescribed safe working method. Supervision: Refers to routine inspection and surveillance or workers but concern direct line management authority to control behavior Define a safe system of work? SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK: A safe system of work is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination of work in order to identify the hazards. It defines safe methods of working which eliminate those hazards or minimize the risks associated with themResponsibilities of Employer: It is the responsibilities of the employer to develop safe systems of work with the involvement of both competent persons and employees who will be carrying out the work. These safe sys tem must be documented. IGC-1 Element 6 Page 4 of 6 What is the difference between technical, procedural and behavioral controls? Technical, procedural and behavioral controls: As safe system of work will involve all the elements of control that we identified ealrlier in the general hierarchy of control 1.Technical or engineering control 2. Procedural control 3. Behavioral control Technical or engineering control: Applied directly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk, this may involve fencing or barriers of different kinds to isolate workers from hazard. Procedural control: The way, in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazards, They specify the exact tasks involved their sequence and the safety actions and checks which have to taken. Behavioral Control: How the individual worker acts in relation to the hazard e. . good housekeeping or using PPE Development of a safe system of work: Safe system of work usually developed using the process of task analysis, whi ch involves breaking work down into a series of steps so that hazards can be identified and risk controlled at each step using technical, procedural and behavioral controls. Once developed, safe systems must be implemented and monitored to ensure continued effectiveness. Describe what factors should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work?When developing a safe system of work it is important to consider that 1. 2. 3. 4. PEOPLE: Who is the SSW for what level of competence or technical ability should they have? EQUIPMENT: What equipment will be worked on? What safety equipment will be required? MATERIALS: what materials will be used or handled the work? Who will waste dispose of? ENVIRONMENT: in what type of environment will the work take place? Useful acronym SREDIM can be used to identify the hazard associated with every step of work 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Select the task to b analyzed Record the steps or stages of the task Evaluate the risk associated with ea ch step Develop the safe working method Implement the safe working method Monitor to ensure it is effective. IGC-1 Element 6 Page 5 of 6 Explain the role and function of a permit to work system? Or What is permit to work? Permit to work system: A permit to work system is formal documented safety procedure forming part of a safe system of work which ensures that all necessary actions are taken before during and after particularly high risk work.A permit system formalizes the control of high risk work to ensure that all the risks have been identified all the precaution put in place and that appropriate information has been communicated to all relevant parties. What are the key elements of typical permit? There are four main sections to a permit to work: 1. Issue 4 Cancellation 2. Receipt 5. Extension 3. Clearance / return to service Explain the need of emergency procedures and the arrangements for contracting emergency services? Or What is the main objective of an emergency procedure? Emergency Procedures:Importance of developing emergency procedures: An organization should develop emergency procedures to deal with foreseeable incidents such as: Fire, bomb threat, spillage of a hazardous chemical , release of a toxic gas, outbreak of disease, severe weather or flooding and multiple casualty accident. Emergency procedures: These procedures should cover the internal arrangements for dealing with the foreseeable incidents which will include; 1. Procedure to follow 2. Provision of suitable equipment 3. Nomination of responsible staff 4. Provision of training and information 5. Drills and exercises 6.Contracting the emergency services Procedure to follow In the event of a fire normal practice for worker to exit the building and go to assembly area but in bomb thread this will be opposite person has to go inside the building and away from the windows Provision of suitable equipment IGC-1 Element 6 Page 6 of 6 If there is a fire suitable fire extinguisher are available and proper PPE wear by the person involve in fire fighting Nomination of responsible staff In case of fire there need for fire wardens and fire marshal who will tell to occupant of building about safety instruction in case of fire.Provision of training and information Workers will only know what to do in case of emergency if they have training and information Drills and exercises Emergency procedure should be practiced to ensure that people are familiar with action they might be expected in case of emergency Contracting the emergency services (first Aid) Describe the requirements for and effective e provision of first aid in the workplace? First Aid Requirements: An employer must make appropriate first aid provision for his employees. This will include ? First aid facilities ? Equipment ?Appropriately trained personnel. What factors might need to be considered when determining the first aid provision for a workplace? First aid coverage: To determine what first aid provision to make an employer will have to undertake an assessment which should consider various factors such as: ? The general risk level of the workplace ? The hazards present in the workplace ? Accident history ? The presence of vulnerable persons ? The number of workers in the workplace ? Work patterns and shift systems of workers ? The geographic location of the workplace ? The spread of the workplace IGC-1

Fashion in Britain

Manner in Britain London is one of the most influential centres of manner in the universe with the manner hebdomad held twice a twelvemonth in February and September. The British manner scene is extremely regarded and appreciated in the manner universe since it is portion of the alleged E?Big FourE? [ 1 ] . However, such a high rank wouldn?t have been achieved without The British Fashion Council. This establishment was established in 1983 to assist organizing interior decorators, forming manner hebdomads and advancing immature draw a bead oning theoretical accounts, directors and interior decorators. The current president is Natalie Massenet who was appointed to this place in 2013. Britain does everything in its power to maintain and beef up non merely it topographic point at the top but besides the influence it bestows on immature manner lovers. Many of its manner colleges, the most of import and universe famous is surely the London Fashion College, are highly competitory and attract 1000s of appliers from all over the universe every academic twelvemonth. From all of the above mentioned it is non hard to reason that manner is, and ever was, really of import to the British people. We are able to follow it all the manner to the Roman invasion of the British islands in 43 AD. The manner people dressed in the earliest period of the British history before the Roman encroachers does non render itself to the analysis given the fact that merely scarce grounds exists. The preserved artifacts from that period include parts/fragments of vesture and pieces of jewelry. Harmonizing to the vesture found in Gravess, we can freely presume that adult females had worn adventitias and masterfully made pieces of jewelry such as broachs ( which were presumptively used to fix the adventitias ) . However, these material artifacts are non plenty for pulling any certain scientific decision about the E?fashionE? in the period before 43 AD. During the Roman business of Britain, the land was divided into states and the overall province of the common people was really hapless. Since this period was marked by changeless battle and conflict for endurance there was no British manner or manner of dressing we can discourse. Thus, I will jump this period in my paper. I will take you to the journey through the history of British manner from the mediaeval period to modern manner tendencies and the greatest manner houses. Bear in head that during each century manner changed from decennary to decennary and it is non possible to include everything so this paper will concentrate merely on the most outstanding features of manner in the given period. Medieval and Renaissance manner The basic medieval vesture consisted of adventitias with long arms and linen skirts for a adult male around 1050. Women wore similar adventitias but longer and were obliged to cover hair with a goon. Although, manner changed easy through the in-between age we can separate several chief ways of dressing. Hundred old ages subsequently, nil changed significantly for adult females whereas work forces added pointed chapeaus and legings into their garments. Around 1250 loose cloaks and shorter arms for both work forces and adult females came into manner. At a same clip, loose gowns with arms cut at two sides became really popular ( these sorts of gowns are still popular today being the E?ancestorsE? of modern formal gowns and dance frocks ) . In 14Thursdaycentury adult females braided hair into a roll and a henin was worn by the aristocracy. The henin was a chapeau or hair dress more exactly in the form of cone with head coverings. These were normally expensive and represented a mark of aristocracy and aristocracy. Work force wore pointed places called crackowes or poulaines and the arrow they were the richer was the proprietor. From 1430 onwards the appareled and male garments became richer and richer ; stuffs were rich, heavy and embroidered many of them imported from Italy and Flanders. Sleeves were given funnel form and were lined with pelt while the front portion of a frock was normally pinned back to let a lady easier walking. When the Renaissance reached its extremum, work forces were normally dressed in the E?Italian FashionE? manner which meant have oning tight apparels such as doublet and hosieries. Work forces had long loose gowns hanging over their shoulders and those gowns were cut unfastened in order to demo contrastive facings. British manner during 16Thursdayand 17Thursdaycentury The manner of the Tudor?s tribunal was characterized by a low waist and a high neckline. During the reign of Henry VIII, the Italian manner was still outstanding and work forces wore over-grown short gowns with skirts, tight hosieries. Approximately around 1520 full upper arms became popular. Women?s apparels did non alter significantly until the accession of Queen Elisabeth I. The twelvemonth 1600 saw the rise of Spanish manner. Men wore cushioned doublet and short knee pantss making the waist. The E?Spanish cloakE? was obligatory portion of vesture for royalty and aristocracy. It was made of heavy, rich stuff and was heavy embroidered. Nowadays, it is believed that sir Walter Raleigh through this sort of coat in the clay in order to protect Queen Elisabeth I from stepping into it. Queen Elisabeth dictated manner tendencies from her accession to the throne until approximately 1634, 31 old ages after her decease. She introduced long, stiff bodices and skirts of frocks were supported by farthingales and boulsters. Sleeves were broad and neckline was low cut in a specific manner in order to border the face. Caps were no longer worn ; hair was worn high with threads and plumes. In the in-between 17Thursdaycentury, the Dutch manner was popular. Work force wore unstiffened jacket and broad loose knee pantss ( similar to a musketeers? manner in France ) . Female apparels still involved stiff bodices while the long rich skirts were cut unfastened. False coil were added to hair beside threads. In the late 17Thursdaycentury, the manner of Gallic tribunals became outstanding. An over-gown was worn over the stiff girdle but was pinned back and gathered behind the waist in order to demo embroidered half-slip. British manner during 18Thursdayand 19Thursdaycentury From the beginning to the center of the 18Thursday,gentlemen wore tight knee pantss fastened above the articulatio genus and field tightly suiting coats which formed curvy dress suits at the terminals. Men wore their ain hair, but the formal occasions they were expected to have on white powdery wigs. Ladies wore long heavy frocks dwelling of stiff bodices and several beds of petticoats. Wing-like arms were introduced and frocks were made of silk and heavy brocaded stuffs. Towards the terminal of the 17Thursdaycentury, dresses became simpler due to the strong influence of the countryside manner. It is called redingote or a riding coat –the waist of a frock become shorter and a false hindquarters was added. Silk was worn merely in the eventides and formal occasions while the mundane frocks were made of wool, linen and cotton. At the beginning of the 18Thursdaycentury, the involvement in ancient Greece and Rome woke once more, particularly in the ancient manner. Dresses consisted of merely one half-slip with high waist. Long baseball mitts every bit good as muslin entered the manner. The girdle ( bodice ) left the manner scene and light stuffs were used. Gentlemen wore dark fitted suits dwelling of a cloth coat with buttons plain vests. Breechess were replaced by a Pantaloons and a hessian siting boots became popular. George Brummell brought to manner a formal suit with a necktie which is still worn all over the universe on formal occasions. The manner of this epoch is exactly portrayed in the BBC version of the fresh E?Pride and PrejudiceE? starring Colin Firth and Jennifer Ehle. The manner of 20thcentury The line of a frock changed since the accent was put on the shoulders and waist. Sleeves were puffed and skirts were long and fluxing. Hats were ever worn by ladies. The involvement in leather pocketbooks revived. [ 2 ] Evening dressed were low cut and made of alien stuff. Everything alien became popular-from stuff to make-up and hairdos. Hair was loose, curly and bob hairdo was popular. In 1947 Christian Dior presented the E?New LookE? which involved fitted jacket with nipped waist and full calf-length skirt. Mary Quant introduced short mini-dresses and skirts ( 6-7 inches above the articulatio genus ) . The manner was shaped by Gallic interior decorators such as Dior and Gabriele E?CocoE? Chanel who brought denims, tanned tegument and expensive gustatory sensation to the manner universe. The 50s saw the rise of theoretical accounts such as Twiggy and Jean Shrimpton. Clothes were used to demo societal position. Vivienne Westwood claim celebrity as the interior decorator during 70s a nd today. The 80s were a decennary of degeneracy with large hair and large puffed shoulders. In general, manner of the 20Thursdaycentury put speech pattern on female organic structure ( frocks became tighter following slender figure ) , make-up and hair, or as you wish-beauty in general. Modern manner in Britain is extremely influenced by the royal household, exactly, the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton. Womans throughout England are seeking to copy her simple yet elegant and authoritative manner. Beside the royalty, theoretical accounts such as Kate Moss, who is considered British manner icon, represent manner function theoretical accounts to about all coevalss. Although Britain is non as rich in the being of influential manner houses as France, it still maintains high topographic point in the universe manner industry with aid of two most celebrated brands/houses-Burberry and Mulberry. Burberry Young Thomas Burberry was the laminitis of the trade name in 1856. He introduced water-repellent cloth which is called gabardine. Soon, the trade name started utilizing the name Burberrys which still can be seen on some older merchandises. In 1901, the company adopted celebrated E?Equestrian KnightE? as its logo. During the Second World War, the company was given the undertaking to alter and accommodate officers? uniforms to the rough conditions of war on unfastened field. As a consequence, the celebrated Burberry trench coat was developed. Interestingly, it is still worn today enduring merely minor alterations and is the hallmark of this trade name. In 1998, the company switched to utilizing the name Burberry once more. Modern Burberry has three trade names or subdivisions under its umbrella: Burberry Prorsum which is the basic line, Burberry London which produces concern outfits and Burberry Brit which is targeted at younger coevalss. The originative manager is Christopher Bailey. Mulberry Roger Saul and his female parent were the laminitiss of this manner house. The trade name is largely known for its leather bags, off-the-rack aggregations of vesture and accoutrements. Current CEO is Chris Roberts. In 2006, the company started the apprenticeship programmes in order to promote immature interior decorators and to supply employment for the local people. The learners are offered occupations once they finish the programme. The current interior decorator is Emma Hill who came to Mulberry in 2007. She is responsible for doing the trade name internationally celebrated and successful. However, in 2013, the trade name announced that Mrs Hill was go forthing the company in 2014. As a consequence, monetary value of portion stocks fell. In malice of this impermanent crisis, the trade name has many celebrated clients, most noteworthy of them being the Duchess of Cambridge. The rise of Britain as a manner power force decidedly started in the seventiess with the visual aspect of Vivienne Westwood who brought hood into the manner. Since so, the British manner scene saw many gifted interior decorators who helped Britain to remain among the top four. The most of import of them are John Galliano, Jenny Peckham, and Alice Temperley. Vivienne Westwood is the manner interior decorator who foremost became for planing apparels for McLaren and hood set Sex Pistols. Her first track show was held 1981 and the subject was the Pirates. When planing apparels, she likes to utilize traditional Scottish design, old cutting techniques from 17Thursdayand 18Thursdaycentury. Her designs vary from hood apparels, places, chapeaus to sole eventide gowns. Her designs were featured in the E?Sex and the CityE? movie. Although she was invited to take part in the costume designing, Westwood was dissatisfied with the chosen designs and the manner these were presented in the movie. As a consequence, she left London movie premiere and harshly criticized the costumes. She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the British Empire. Jenny Peckham is most known for her nuptial aggregations, flushing gowns and off-the-rack outfits. In 2008, she launched bridal accessorize to follow her nuptials frocks. From 2010, her manner shows became lasting portion of the programme of New York Fashion Week. Alice Temperley designs for her manner house Temperley London founded in 2010. She puts accent on quality silk stuffs and her couture gowns are hand-made. In 2011, her Royal Majesty Queen of England appointed Temperley Member of the Order of the British Empire. Mentions Fukai, A. ( 2006 ) .Manner: a history from the 18th to the twentieth century. New York: Barnes & A ; Baronial Pub.Hart, A. and S. North ( 2009 ) .17th & A ; eighteenth Century Fashion Detail Fashion in Detail.London: V & A ; A PublicationHouston, Mary G. ( 1996 ) .Medieval Costume in England and France: The 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries. New York: Dover Publications, IncKlepper, E. ( 1999 ) .Costume through the Ages: Over 1400 Illustrations. New York: Dover Publications, IncLaver, J. and C. Probert ( 1983 ) .Costume and Fashion: A Concise History. Oxford: Oxford University PressPalomo-Lovinski, N. ( 2010 ) .The World ‘s Most Influential Manner Interior designers. London: A & A ; C Black PublishersPeacock, J. ( 2006 ) .Costume: 1066 to the Present. New York: Thames & A ; HudsonScott, M. ( 2011 ) .Manner in Middle Ages. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty MuseumWatt, J. ( 2012 ) .Manner The Ultimate Book of Costume and Style. London: Dorling KindersleyWerle, S. ( 2010 ) .50 Manner Interio r designers You Should Know. Muenchen: Prestel PrintingWilcox, C. and V. Mendes ( 2009 ) .Twentieth Century Fashion in Detail. London: V & A ; A PublicationBurberry. Burberry London. ( 08 February, 2014 ) & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //burberryplc.com/about_burberry & gt ;Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. ( 08 February, 2014 ) & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_ ( company )1