Credit Card Theft Is Not For Hard Working Consumers...

No matter what precautions are taken, credit and debit card fraud will remain an enemy to hard working consumers everywhere. Credit card thieves can use a variety of methods to attack the consumer. ATMs can be used to steal information from a debit card transaction. Online predators can steal credit card information through a click of a button. Stores can also be targeted through the use of data mining in the magnetic card readers. Persistent consumer vigilance is needed if credit card theft is to be avoided. ATM machines with exorbitant fees have been thought to be acting as highway robbers, now they may even have a thieving companion; Card scanners. By stealing the information off the credit card as it is swiped the consumer is not even aware they have been attacked. Even if the consumer is careful to hide their hand as they enter the PIN in order to withdraw money from an ATM, the larcenist might still have a hidden camera or card reader to steal the card information. Erin Lowry, a content director for a popular magazine was a victim of two different attacks on her credit identity; she had $600 stolen from her account after using a shady ATM with a hidden scanner inside. The use of a low security ATM is a consumer error, but with everyday stresses sometimes common sense is abandoned in place of convenience. Larcenists will place these scanners inside ATM’s located in low socioeconomic areas with the intent to instantly copy the card numbers onto an embedded micro storageShow Mor eRelatedElectronic Theft : A Victim s Credit Score And Peace Of Mind Essay2091 Words   |  9 Pagesidentification, credit or even a mortgage, you become a victim of identity theft. This crime is devastating to a victim’s credit score and peace of mind. Illinois ranked fifth among states in the number of identity complaints reported to the Consumer Sentinel, a database developed and maintained by the Federal Trade Commission. Identity theft involves a thief, a victim, law enforcement, and identity theft affidavit that will help you report the information. All crimes such as rape and auto theft have someRead MoreData Breach3986 Words   |  16 PagesIn today’s digital world, most Americans leave long electronic trails of private information wherever they go. But too often, that data is compromised. When they shop—whether online or at brick and mortar stores—retailers gain access to their credit card numbers. Medical institutions maintain patient records, which are increasingly electronic. Corporations store copious customer lists and employee Social Security numbers. These types of data frequently get loose. Hackers gain entry to improperlyRead MoreAustralian Personal Property Securities Laws Essay3186 Words   |  13 Pageswhich encourage consumers and producers to â€Å"conveniently †¦ raise finance †¦on the security of such property†[2] which encourage investment which in turn leads to the creation of wealth. 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INTRODUCTION It’s difficult to explain when the first computer was introduced because of the many different classificationsRead MoreAccounts Receivable and Information6187 Words   |  25 Pagesordering, receiving, and temporarily storing merchandise that is going to be sold to Samp;S customers. b. Samp;S does not manufacture any goods, thus its operations activities consists of displaying merchandise for sale and protecting it from theft. c. Outbound logistics includes delivering the products to the customer. d. Sales amp; marketing includes ringing up and processing all sales transactions and advertising products to increase sales. e. Service includes repairs, periodicRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Information Systems9488 Words   |  38 Pagesinformation systems meaning explaining the differences of computer literacy and information literacy. We know that computer literacy is defined as a person who is very skilled in using microsoft word, excel, powerpoint, outlook, etc. Computers are everywhere among us to use for personal daily lives. They are used for students to do their personal homework, grading for exams, evaluations, and can even can calculate your grade point averages which all this information can be delivered. Computers alsoRead MoreCostco External Analysis Essay6962 Words   |  28 Pagesdue to slightly higher average amounts spent by consumers as well as higher gas prices. In 2008, Costco operated at a 10.53% gross margin, up slightly from 10.52% in 2007 due to 0.24% increase in sales higher margin categories, primarily food and sundries. 2.0 Company History Founded by James Sinegal and Jeffrey Brotman, Costco opened its first warehouse in Seattle, Washington, on September 15, 1983. Sinegal had started in retailing by working for Sol Price at both FedMart and Price Club. BrotmanRead MoreVb Sof 54012008 Words   |  49 PagesSOF640 E-Commerce Final Exam True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 1. Transferring funds, placing orders, sending invoices, and shipping goods to customers are all types of activities or transactions. ____ 2. Business-to-consumer electronic commerce occurs when a person sells an item through a Web auction site to another person. ____ 3. An airline ticket is an excellent example of an item with a high value-to-weight ratio. ____ 4. Electronic commerce reduces the speed and

The Fiction of Literature Folk Tales, Fan Fiction, and...

The Fiction of Literature: Folk Tales, Fan Fiction, and Oral Tradition in the Internet Age In 1951, JRR Tolkien wrote a letter to his publisher, Milton Waldman, in an attempt to describe his vision for The Lord of the Rings. After outlining the scope of his many interconnected plots, Tolkien self-consciously articulated his hopes for his novel’s reception: Do not laugh! But once upon a time (my crest has long since fallen) I had a mind to make a body of more or less connected legend, ranging from the large and cosmogonic to the level of romantic fairy-story†¦ The cycles should be linked to a majestic whole, and yet leave scope for other minds and hands, wielding paint and music and drama. Absurd.† With the benefit of hindsight, we know now that his idea was not ‘absurd’. Tolkien almost presciently describes the place his novels have taken in Western culture. Tolkien’s works, in the words of Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey, â€Å"ha[ve] become part of the mental furniture of the culture†¦ [They are] a story that everybody kn[ows] about, even if they c[a]n’t remember ever reading or hearing any version of it.† This cultural awareness of a story is the direct result of the adaptations and additions Tolkien described. First with official illustrations, and later with an entire genre of Tolkien- inspired bands and musicians, and even a ballet, many other hands and minds have added to the majestic whole. In recent years, the Peter Jackson adaptations of The Lord of the Rings, a storyShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesBusiness School, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland This book makes it easier to understand the current stand of organization theory. I strongly recommend it to anyone seriously interested in the different intellectual traditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments ofRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCommunication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for Recruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse Impact 61 Chapter 4 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 Learning Outcomes 84 Introduction 86 What Other Laws Affect Discrimination Practices? 61 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 62 The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 62 viii Contents Employee Rights Legislation and the HRM Implications 86 The Privacy Act of 1974 86 The Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1974 87 The Drug-Free

Battle of Chattanooga free essay sample

With the situation worsening, President Lincoln made the Military Division of the Mississippi and placed Major General Ulysses S. Grant in command of all Union armies in the West. Moving quickly, Grant relieved Rosecrans, replacing him with Major General George H. Thomas, and engineer Major General William F. Smith to open a supply line to Chattanooga. After making a successful landing at Browns Landing, west of the city, Smith was able to link up with Thomas and open a supply route in October, which was known as the Cracker Line. On the night of October 28 and 29, Bragg ordered Lieutenant General James Longstreet to sever the Cracker Line. Attacking at Wauhatchie, the Confederate general was very mad. With a way into Chattanooga open, Grant began reinforcing the Union position by sending Major General Joseph Hooker with the XI and XII Corps and then an additional four divisions under Major General William T. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle of Chattanooga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sherman. While Union forces were growing, Bragg reduced his army by sending Longstreets force to Knoxville to attack a Union force that was under Major General Ambrose Burnside. Having consolidated his position, Grant began offensive operations on November 23, by ordering Thomas to go on from the city and take a string of hills near the foot of Missionary Ridge. The next day, Hooker was ordered to take Lookout Mountain. Crossing the Tennessee River, Hookers men found that the Confederates had failed to defend a valley between the river and mountain. Attacking through this opening, Hookers men succeeded in pushing the Confederates off the mountain. As the fighting ended around 3:00 PM, a fog descended on the mountain, which gave the battle the name of The Battle Above the Clouds. To the north of the city, Grant ordered Sherman to attack the north end of Missionary Ridge. Moving across the river, Sherman took what he believed was the north end of the ridge, but was actually Billy Goat Hill. His advance was stopped by Confederates under Major General Patrick Cleburne at Tunnel Hill. He thought that a frontal assault on Missionary Ridge to be suicidal, Grant planned to envelop Braggs line with Hooker attacking the south and Sherman from the north. To defend his position, Bragg had wanted three rows of rifle pits to be dug on Missionary Ridge, with artillery on the very top. Moving out the next day, both attacks met with little success as Shermans men were unable to break Cleburnes line and Hooker was delayed by burned bridges over Chattanooga Creek. As reports of slow progress arrived, Grant began to believe that Bragg was weakening his center to reinforce his sides. To test this, he ordered Thomas to have his men advance and take the first line of Confederate rifle pits on Missionary Ridge. Attacking, the Army of the Cumberland, which for weeks had suffered taunts about the defeat at Chickamauga, succeeded in driving the Confederates from their position. Halting as ordered, the Army of the Cumberland soon found itself taking heavy fire from the other two lines of rifle pits above. Without orders, the men started to move up the hill in order to continue the battle. Though originally mad at what he perceived to be a neglect for his orders, Grant moved to have the attack supported. On the ridge, Thomas men advanced steadily, aided by the fact that Braggs engineers had accidentally placed the artillery on the actual crest of the ridge, rather than the military crest. This mistake stopped the guns from being brought to bear on the attackers. In one of the wars most dramatic events, the Union soldiers surged up the hill, broke Braggs center, and put the Army of Tennessee to rout. This battle finally ended in a Union win, which they were of course happy about, but even happier because of their loss at Chickamauga, so this win made them feel like it made up for their other loss. The victory at Chattanooga cost the Union 753 men that were killed, 4,7220 of the men in their troops were injured and 349 missing. The Confederate’s casualties were listed as 361 killed, 2,160 wounded, and 4,146 captured and missing. The Battle of Chattanooga opened the door for the invasion of the Deep South and the capture of Atlanta in 1864. In addition, the battle destroyed the Army of Tennessee and forced Confederate President Jefferson Davis to relieve Bragg and replace him General Joseph E. Johnston. Following the battle, Bragg’s men went back south to Dalton, GA. Hooker was sent out to pursue the broken army, but was defeated by Cleburne at the Battle of Riggold Gap on November 27, 1863. The Battle of Chattanooga was the last time Grant fought in the West as he moved East to deal with Confederate General Robert E. Lee the following spring. ? Bibliography †¢www. wikipedia. org †¢www. wiki. answers. com/ †¢http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Battle_Of_Chattanooga †¢http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chattanooga †¢http://www. nps. gov/hps/abpp/battles/tn024. htm †¢http://www. battlesforchattanooga. com/

Lab Report Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Bags Essay Example

Lab Report: Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Bags Paper In this experiment, we aimed to extract caffeine from the tea leaves in the tea bags provided beginning with a lid-liquid extraction method and then a liquid-liquid extraction. Extraction techniques are used to isolate and remove particular compounds form another substance. For both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques, solvents should be chosen by their miscibility in water (should be immiscible), they should have relatively low boiling points for faster and easier extraction, and they should be enervative with the other substances being used in the experiment. In this experiment, a solid-liquid extraction method was used first to extract the caffeine room the tea leaves/tea bags to by dissolving sodium carbonate in hot water and creating an aqueous sodium carbonate solvent. Sodium carbonate and hot water were added to the tea bags and was let to stand for about 7 minutes in order to bring the caffeine molecules out of the tea bags and into the aqueous solution. Because caffeine is water-soluble and is a base, sodium carbonate must be added to the hot water to prevent it from reacting with the acids present and to ensure it remains a base. We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Bags specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Bags specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report: Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Bags specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A liquid-liquid extraction was then performed to extract the caffeine from the mixture by adding disintermediation. In a liquid- liquid extraction, two layers are needed- an organic layer and an aqueous layer- that are both immiscible in water. Disintermediation was used as the organic layer and the aqueous sodium carbonate solution was used as the aqueous layer. Caffeine is more soluble in organic substances so the disintermediation was used with a separators funnel to extract the caffeine from the aqueous sodium carbonate (the aqueous layer) and into the organic layer. The remaining organic layer that included the caffeine was dried using anhydrous calcium chloride lets since they are neutral and enervative and would not disrupt any further reactions. It was then distilled, and then the remaining disintermediation was evaporated, leaving crude, greenish-white crystalline caffeine. The most common method for purifying solid compounds is from rationalizations. Although we had a crystalline caffeine substance before, we had to recitalist it in order to remove the impurities (that caused it to have a green tinge to it rather than pure white). The resulting greenish-white crystalline caffeine was rationalized using a mixed-solvent method and dissolved in hot acetone while adding hexanes. Hexanes had to be used because of caffeines high solubility in acetone compared to hexane. A vacuum funnel using a Boucher funnel was used to remove the liquid and impurities and the remaining crystals were washed and transferred using a few drops of hexanes. Chemical Structures and Calculations Percent Yield = Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield x 100 . 03 g/ . 25 g x = Procedure 1 . 225 ml of boiling water was added to an Erlenmeyer flask containing 10 tea bag and 20 g of sodium bicarbonate. The solution was decanted into a separate Erlenmeyer flask after it soaked for about 8 minutes. An additional 50 ml of hot water was added to the Erlenmeyer flask with the remaining tea bags and was then immediately decanted and added to the first extracted solution. Total water used = 275 ml. 2. ) The aqueous sodium carbonate solution was cooled and w e extracted it twice with separate 30-ml portions of disintermediation into a separators funnel. We rocked the separators funnel several times and then extracted the disintermediation from the funnel into a beaker, excluding the emulsion layer that had formed. 3. We extracted some more disintermediation into the same beaker, but included the emulsion layer and added anhydrous calcium chloride pellets to dry the solution and emulsion layer. We added several spoon full until the anhydrous calcium chloride pellets stopped clumping together. 4. ) The disintermediation solution was then filtered into a clean Erlenmeyer flask using filter paper and a Hirsch funnel. 5. The anhydrous calcium chloride was then washed with disintermediation and then placed on a hot plate to evaporate it. A wood stick served as a boiling stick to prevent superannuating. . ) A greenish-white residue was left over, coming out to weigh . 25 g 7. ) We added hexane to the left over residue and then dissolved the greenish white caffeine residue in 5 ml of hot acetone the solution was a cloudy white. 8. ) After w e let the solution cool, we vacuum filtered it, using a small Boucher funnel. We added some additional hexane to help transfer and wash the crystals through the vacuum filtration. 9. ) We did not repeat the process. 10. Anal weight was 30 MGM Data Results Once we conducted the solid-liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction, we sighed the resulting greenish-white caffeine crystals and recorded . 25 g (this included the impurities). After we rationalized it with the acetone and hexane to remove the impurities, the final weight was . 03 g. Discussion We were successful in extracting caffeine from the tea bags, but based on the percent yield, we were not successful in extracting a large amount of caffeine. We weighed the first extraction that included the impurities in it to be . 25 g and the final extraction without the impurities to be . 3 g resulting in a low percent yield of 12%. We believe that adding the hexane before the hot acetone to the residue during the rationalizatio ns process caused the low amount of caffeine we successfully extracted in this experiment. We did not think it would make much of a difference at the time, but in hindsight, realize that this messes up the mixed-solvent method that recitalists the caffeine, thus not getting a higher percent yield because not all of the caffeine precipitated out. The purity of our extract should not have been affected because we vacuum filtered the cool solution that contained the crystals twice.

Effects of Media Reporting on History The Senkaku Islands Dispute

Introduction In the contemporary world, the media has become an important tool not only in communication, but also in the development of human history. Historiography is currently a product of media influence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Media Reporting on History: The Senkaku Islands Dispute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implies that historiography is an ongoing process that incorporates both facts and viewpoints of the media. Since the media has become the most important tool in providing information to the public, it equally adds some meaning relevant to the validity of a historical event. Although the theoretical purpose of the media is to present an event or fact â€Å"as it is†, the ways in which the media presents an event or fact has a strong influence on how the audience perceive and interpret. The feelings and interests of those who cover and present often induce biases. Mo st of the biases induced on news normally occur due to the interest of the media. The origin of the media, for instance, plays a significant role in giving â€Å"meaning† to a historical event. In this discussion, four newspapers have been analyzed. They report about the recent dispute between China and Japan over the ownership of Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands. Newspapers from the United Kingdom, Australia, China and Japan are examples of media channels that induce different meanings on the same historical event. Analysis The ‘Japan Times’, a daily newspaper printed in Tokyo, reported that the conflict between the two nations over Senkaku Islands is a major pointer to the aggressiveness of the Chinese Communist regime. In the story â€Å"No winners in a conflict over Senkaku Islands†, author Michael Richardson’s interest is to describe the innocence of Japan (Richardson The Japan times 14). At the same time, it points to the aggression that China’ s government has employed as a tactic to show its rising influence in the Far East and the world in general.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The author introduces the story with a clear but brief description of the conflict. Here, the author’s interest appears to be largely inclined towards the political and economic significance of the conflict to the three nations. Throughout the article, it is clear that the paper’s interest is to describe China as being on the wrong, while Japan and America on the right. For instance, the article argues â€Å"†¦China, an increasingly assertive and militarily powerful nation, is currently challenging the rights of other countries in the region to occupy reefs and atolls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richardson The Japan times 14). By including the term â€Å"challenging the rights of other nations†, the article is clearly bi ased because it seems to support Japan in the conflict by displaying China as an aggressive nation that does not respect the rights of its neighbors. The article goes on to claim that Beijing is considering enforcing controls on fishing and banning energy development in south China seas without its approval. Evidently, the article does not touch on the issues China has raised, especially in terms of long-term Japanese presence in the Sea and its exploitation of fish and other resources though the sea is not a part of her territory. Secondly, the article reports that Japan has done everything possible to contain the conflict, including suggesting a negotiation summit with China. However, the article further reports that the Japanese government, being the rightful owner of Senkaku Islands, has stated clearly that there will be no negotiations over the ownership of the island. It also argues that China, aware of the fact that its claims are false, insists on negotiations. In this case, the article seems to make the reader perceive Japan as the rightful owner of Senkaku and China as an intruder challenging the rights of her neighbors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Media Reporting on History: The Senkaku Islands Dispute specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the article argues that China is basing its military strategies and conflicts with other nations in the region as a way of protecting its core interests. The article argues that the Chinese definition of â€Å"defending its core interests† could possibly include the use of force in expanding its territory, something the author links to the recent quelling of independent movements in Tibet as well as annexation of Taiwan by Chinese forces. The author concludes by arguing that Japan must be supported by America in any way, including military aid. This shows that the article assumes that Japan is the rightful owner o f the Islands and as such, the international community must provide support. ‘The Guardian’, a British newspaper, carried a story on Monday 21 January that seems to take a more neutral position than the articles by the Japanese, Chinese and Australian newspapers reviewed here. Titled â€Å"China rebukes US over ‘ignorant’ comments on island dispute with Japan†, the Guardian reports on Chinese critic of the position taken by the United Sates in regards to the dispute over Senkaku Islands (Branigan and McCurry 18). The Guardian first reports on the progress in the dispute, citing the recent return of the Chinese military ships to the waters around the islands and the Japanese threat of using warning shots to deter the Chinese military and private planes that had been flying near the islands. The guardian argues that such a step by Japan would possible raise stakes. In addition, the article reports that a few days earlier, the Chinese military had scram bled a number of fighter jets to â€Å"tail† Japanese fighters that were thought to be shadowing a surveillance plane owned by the Chinese military (Branigan and McCurry 18). In this case, the guardian attempts to show how serious the situation is, possible pointing towards a possible war between the two nations over the islands, which could also involve other allies of Japan such as the USA. Although the article has attempted to take a neutral position, it is evident that it stresses much on â€Å"a possible military conflict†.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it argues that Chinese neighbors are anxious of her increasing power and aggression, while China is anxious of the involvement of the US in trying to contain Chinese powers and influence. For instance, the article reports that Chinese government considers the American stand as â€Å"ignorant of the facts on the ground and indiscriminate of rights and wrongs† (Branigan and McCurry 18). China claims that America’s involvement in the region is interference. Throughout the article, there is evidence that the newspaper tries to convince the audience that the conflict is tense and could cause a regional war or better still, a world conflict. For instance, it argues that the tension is great to an extent that a mistake or accidental pulling of ‘single trigger’ could make things go out of control. In the ‘China Daily’, a Beijing-based daily newspaper, the actions of Japan and the US in the conflict have greatly been criticized. In an art icle titled â€Å"Ishihara’s dangerous dream†, the newspaper begins by convincing the reader that some Japanese politicians are out to provoke a conflict between their country and China and then involve the US (Zhaokui 7). The article argues that this move is a strategy to ensure that Japan regains her glory as the regional military and political power. In particular, the article argues that the former Governor of Tokyo, Mr. Shintaro Ishihara, is one of the most significant politicians involved in triggering the conflict between the two nations over the islands. Throughout the article, the author argues that Ishihara, in his campaigns for Japanese premiership, criticized his opponent for trying to involve China in a negotiation about the sovereignty of Senkaku (Diaoyu) islands because he believed the islands were within the territories of Japan. The article goes further to argue that China and Japan have strong relationships in trade and regional cooperation, but the r emarks and moves by politicians like Ishihara are out to cause a military conflict. In fact, the newspaper blames Japanese politicians such as Ishihara as being the perpetrators of the conflict. This article appears to divert the public from believing that China is aggressive. For example, the article cites a comment made by Ishihara, where he argues that he would â€Å"purchase† the Senkaku from the US and if China attempts to oppose this move, it would be â€Å"declaring war† on Japan (Zhaokui 7). The article further argues that Japanese politicians believed that a war on China was one of America’s top agenda and as such, by provoking China, America would automatically join Japan. From this article, it is clear that the presentation of news and facts is full of bias because the Chinese newspaper wants the public to believe that the source and progress of the conflict lies within the circles of the Japanese politicians. In addition, the article attempts to show that China is innocent, while Japanese politicians are not only aggressive, but also seeking any way possible to trigger a military conflict that would involve the US against China. The ‘Canberra Times’, an Australian newspaper, has taken a critical and analytical approach to the events surrounding the conflict. In general, the article â€Å"Troubling signs of the rise of Chinese ultra-nationalists† tends to argue that the main problem is the rise of China as an economic power, which has in turn made the country outdo Japan as the military power in the region and second in the world after the US (Richardson The Canberra times 23). Just like the ‘Guardian’, the ‘Canberra Times’ has presented the news in an analytical manner that show the possibility of a war between China on one side, and Japan and America on the other. However, this paper attempts to show that Chinese aggressiveness in terms of military technologies and power is the mai n cause of the conflict. In addition, the newspaper attempts to show that the conflict over the Senkaku Islands is just one of the examples of areas that China is using as a point of conflict with its neighbors. This article attempts to convince the reader that the people of China do not approve the stand that China is taking; rather it is the role of the military wing of the Communist Party. In addition, this Australian newspaper attempts to make the reader believe that Japan, an ally of Australia, is innocent and the rightful owner of the islands, which therefore means that Tokyo has the right to use military intervention and include her allies such as the US. Conclusion By looking at the four articles in the four different papers, it is evident that the media influence history. Each paper portrays a bias, especially as they seek to make the reader believe in one side of the story. It is evident that the stand taken by the author or the owner of the newspaper develops bias in repo rting by favoring one side of the story. Works Cited Branigan, Tania and Justin McCurry. â€Å"China rebukes US over ‘ignorant’ comments on island dispute with Japan.† The Guardian 21 Jan. 2013: 18. Print. Richardson, Michael. â€Å"No winners in a conflict over Senkaku Islands.† The Japan Times 5 Feb. 2013: 14. Print. â€Å"Troubling signs of the rise of Chinese ultra-nationalists.† The Canberra Times 13 Feb. 2013: 23. Print. Zhaokui, Feng. â€Å"Ishihara’s dangerous dream.† China Daily 30 Jan. 2013: 7. Print. This essay on Effects of Media Reporting on History: The Senkaku Islands Dispute was written and submitted by user Paityn Cantu to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Word Aversion (or Logomisia)

Definition and Examples of Word Aversion (or Logomisia) In language studies, logomisia is an informal term for a strong dislike for a particular word (or type of word) based on its sound, meaning, usage, or associations. Also known as word aversion or  verbal virus. In a post on Language Log, linguistics professor Mark Liberman defines the concept of word aversion as a feeling of intense, irrational distaste for the sound or sight of a particular word or phrase, not because its use is regarded as etymologically or logically or grammatically wrong, nor because it’s felt to be over-used or redundant or trendy or non-standard, but simply because the word itself somehow feels unpleasant or even disgusting.   Moist   A Web site called Visual Thesaurus asked its readers to rate how much they like or dislike certain words. And the second-most-hated word was moist. (A friend once said that she dislikes cake mixes that are advertised as being extra-moist because that basically means super-dank.) Oh, and the most-hated word of all was hate. So a lot of people hate hate.(Bart King, The Big Book of Gross Stuff. Gibbs Smith, 2010) My mother. She hates balloons and the word moist. She considers it pornographic.(Ellen Muth as George Lass in Dead Like Me, 2002) Drool My own word aversion is longstanding, and several decades from the first time I heard it I still pull back, like the flanges of a freshly opened oyster. It is the verb to drool, when applied to written prose, and especially to anything I myself have written. Very nice people have told me, for a long time now, that some things they have read of mine, in books or magazines, have made them drool. . . .I . . . should be grateful, and even humble, that I have reminded people of what fun it is, vicariously or not, to eat/live. Instead I am revolted. I see a slavering slobbering maw. It dribbles helplessly, in a Pavlovian response. It drools.(M.F.K. Fisher, As the Lingo Languishes. The State of the Language, ed. by Leonard Michaels and Christopher B. Ricks. University of California Press, 1979) Panties Adriana recovered first. Panties is a vile word, she said. She frowned and emptied the caipirinha pitcher into her glass. . . .Im just pointing out its relative grossness. All women hate the word. Panties. Just say it- panties. It makes my skin crawl.(Lauren Weisberger, Chasing Harry Winston. Downtown Press, 2008)He used the eraser end of a pencil to pick up a pair of womens underwear (technically, they were panties- stringy, lacy, red- but I know women get creeped out by that word- just Google hate the word panties).(Gillian Flynn, Gone Girl. Crown, 2012) Cheese There are people who dislike the sound of certain words- they would enjoy eating cheese if it had a different name, but so long as it is called cheese, they will have none of it.(Samuel Engle Burr, An Introduction to College. Burgess, 1949) Suck Suck was a queer word. The fellow called Simon Moonan that name because Simon Moonan used to tie the prefects false sleeves behind his back and the prefect used to let on to be angry. But the sound was ugly. Once he had washed his hands in the lavatory of the Wicklow Hotel and his father pulled the stopper up by the chain after and the dirty water went down through the hole in the basin. And when it had all gone down slowly the hole in the basin had made a sound like that: suck. Only louder.(James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916) The Disgust Response Jason Riggle, a professor in the department of linguistics at the University of Chicago, says word aversions are similar to phobias. If there is a single central hallmark to this, it’s probably that it’s a more visceral response, he says. The [words] evoke nausea and disgust rather than, say, annoyance or moral outrage. And the disgust response is triggered because the word evokes a highly specific and somewhat unusual association with imagery or a scenario that people would typically find disgusting- but don’t typically associate with the word. These aversions, Riggle adds, don’t seem to be elicited solely by specific letter combinations or word characteristics. If we collected enough of [these words], it might be the case that the words that fall in this category have some properties in common, he says. But it’s not the case that words with those properties in common always fall in the category.(Matthew J.X. Malady, Why Do We Hate Certain Words? S late, April 1, 2013) The Lighter Side of Logomisia Our theme this time was an Ugliest Word Contest: everyone had to show up with a sign around their neck on which would be written the ugliest word they could think of. All the linguists present would later judge the best entry. . . .On the sofa were PUS and EXPECTORATE. On the floor, sitting cross-legged in a half circle in front of the stone fireplace, and all balancing paper plates heaped high with nachos, hummous, and guacamole, I spotted RECTUM, PALPITATE, and PLACENTA (as one of the linguists, I knew that placenta would be eliminated quickly from the running: while it brought to mind an ugly image, its phonetic realization was actually rather lovely). In a fantastic coincidence, SMEGMA . . . was cuddling up to SCROTUM against the pantry doors in the kitchen. . . .As I walked around, I realized that a lot of these words would make great band names: e.g., FECAL MATTER (phrase: disqualify), LIPOSUCTION, EXOSKELETON.(Jala Pfaff, Seducing the Rabbi. Blue Flax Press, 2006) Pronunciation: low-go-ME-zha

Ernest Hemingway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example In other words, the life and art of Hemingway are interwoven in numerous ways, and his biography contributes heavily to the understanding his works. Thus, his major works such as The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms are useful in establishing that a great deal of his fiction was influenced by his life and that his art, in turn, transformed his life to a considerable extent. The interrelation between the life and art of Hemingway is clearly reflected in his novel The Sun Also Rises (1926). Here, one finds a young American narrating the story, and he is the only character in the work who maintains the standards of conduct. As Edmund Wilson establishes, the character fails to attract the love of a woman due to his incapacity to dominate and direct the lady. The author tenses up the membrane of his style in order to communicate the pulsations of these trepidations. Wilson is of all praise for the artistic style of the writer who invests the arid sunlight and the green summer landscapes with a vindictive quality which has never been found in the literature before. In the novel, one finds the romantic spirit of the writer at its best and his literary style clearly reflects the link to his life experience. â€Å"This Hemingway of the middle twenties ... expressed the romantic disillusion and set the favorite pose for the period. It was the moment of gallantr y in heartbreak, grim and nonchalant banter, and heroic dissipation.† (Wilson) Therefore, it is indubitable that the writer skillfully commingled his life with his art which ultimately won him international reputation. There have been ever so many illustrations of the life-aspects in the writings of Hemingway and the critics have often been in praise of the ability of the writer to reflect his life in his art astutely. Every character in his novels reflects one or the other characteristic of the novelist’s life. The proficiency of the writer as an outdoor sportsman, his career spell as a war

Filtration and Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Filtration and Packaging - Essay Example the determination of the packing material depends on the nature, type, use and duration of the product. The other factors that influence packing are attractive designs, costs, customer preferences etc (History of packaging and types of packaging.2009). One of the significant determinants in selecting the ideal packing material is of course its cost effectiveness. It this regard, glass stands to be the most appropriate one because around 25% of the raw material cost can be attributable to a glass packing material. Whereas it is around 70-80% for a metallic packing material. Use of chemicals and innovations in this area has made glass one of the most popular packing materials now. But this enthusiasm is limited because due to the increased capital expenditure that is related to use of modern sophisticated glass in the packing industry (Packaging Materials. 2011). Glass has lots of interesting peculiarities to be the most popular packing material that consumers prefer. Among other thing s that make glass ideal for food and beverage packing is that they are either transparent or opaque. This makes the customers to have a first hand vision of the product before they buy it. Moreover the strength, and the ability to have a barrier to water as well as gas and inertness to toxic chemical substances, makes glass the ideal choice (PACKAGING MATERIALS. 2009). Consumers all around the globe prefer glass as packing material especially in the case of packing food and other beverages. They are reluctant to use plastic because of its non friendly environmental and health nature. The main facts that make glass popular among the consumers are purity, recyclables, quality, safety and versatility. Glass packaging supports all these things therefore consumers prefer it. Although almost ninety percentages of the consumers prefer glass to be their preferred choice for packing, it is estimated that glass accounts to only ten percentage of the market share for packaging in the food and beverage category. This clearly suggests that some thing is wrong somewhere. Glass packaging even though popular has not been seen in shelves of stores (Glass is The Consumers Preferred Packaging Material. 2011). In spite of being popular with the customers who prefer glass as a packing material, glass suffers from lots of disadvantage. Predominant among them is its disability to withstand shocks. Glass containers are easily breakable. This prompts the customer to take extra care on it. Other that that breakage of containers also creates small glass pieces inside. This if not noticed enters the body of the person who use it resulting in serious health damage and even death. Therefore use of glass containers is not at all recommended especially for children who are more vulnerable to injuries caused by glass through its use. Other main draw backs are compromise on the hermetic seal of the containers, color changes of the product due to more exposure to light. This draw back is so acu te for beverage products where glass containers permit more sunlight to penetrate inside thereby resulting in damages and loss to the product. Although glass has high barrier properties as well as inertness and adaptable to microwave processing, it is sometimes overweight. This overweight somewhat affects the moods of customers too. More and more customers prefer to carry less weighable things rather those products having more weight.

Study Source Essay Example for Free

Study Source Essay A possible Outline for Answering Question Introduction – You can take several approaches to writing your introduction: -Explain why changes were needed to constitution; why it seemed that the Bay Street Boys always won an election. End your introduction by stating what the focus of your essay will be. -State in summary form what the 1962 elections were and the 1964 constitutional changes were and the 1967 general elections. You introduction could be a study of the two sources. -Your introduction could also include a brief summary of the influence of the 1962 general elections and the 1964 constitutional changes on the 1967 general elections. Body Paragraph 1 – Describe what happened during the 1962 General Elections, e.g. outline the results. Paragraph 2 – Describe the changes in the 1964 Constitution. Paragraph 3 – Explain how the 1962 General Election influenced the 1967 General Election. Paragraph 4 – Explain how the 1964 Constitutional changes influenced the 1967 General Election. Conclusion Draw a conclusion by answering whether there is evidence to prove that the 1962 General Election and the 1964 constitutional changes or reform had a great influence on the results of the 1967 Election. Sum up your main points. You might be tempted to respond to this question as an argumentative essay but it is not an argument essay. You would want to argue that other factors were responsible for the 1967 results and not 1962 and 1964. This  may very well be true but it should not be the focus of your essay. However, you could argue this as a part of your introduction or conclusion.

Importance of Reputation in Othello

Importance of Reputation in Othello Reputation is very important when one needs to know whom to trust and what judgments can be made about a reason. The reputation of three characters in the play Othello by Shakespeare plays important role in determining the eventual results of the play. The end results of the play would have been different if Iago had not been known as a honest person or Othello not being a noble military man and also if Cassios reputation had not been tarnished. Iago himself states that, reputation is an idle and most false imposition, often got without merit and lost without deserving (Havoc, par.7). Reputation would bring about good judgment, both in the decisions made and those others makes about a given character. A hero is someone who confronts issues beyond the social rules, who in their physical journey encounters fundamental conditions of life and understands The Epic of Gilgamesh covers every aspect of great epic literature, that is fantastic geographies and exotic characters; tiresome quests and hard journeys; victorious battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Literatures have been used throughout history of civilization to express a variety of cultural issues. The episode of Mesopotamian Noah, as is evident with, the character Utnapishtim, who was advised to build a great boat and fill it with animals and his family to escape flooding, has been related to biblical Noah and therefore the Epic of Gilgamesh has received biblical critics (eNotes.com, par.1). The social structure and values of society can be seen throughout the actions of Gilgamesh and his people. This epic brings forth the perception of the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. Gilgamesh is shown to be struggling against the gods, natural forces and his own mortality and this reflects his ones efforts to find rest in society and universe. Importance of Reputation Gilgamesh was a strong powerful leader who was more of God and stronger than any other king alive. He treated his subjects harshly and unkindly. This made people to ask the god of Uruk to create an opposing ruler who has equal strengths to Gilgamesh so that they might even be left to rest in peace. Enkidu was then created and he had scaring features that destroyed his reputation and he was referred to as wild man, this made Gilgamesh to tame him and even put off his marriage with the goddess of love. Gilgamesh was concerned about his reputation after fighting with Enkidu, they became friends and travel together for fights, he aimed at establishing eternal reputation saying he wants to leave behind a name that endures(pg.71). Gilgamesh would get ready for the journey by offering sacrices to Shamash so that he may get loyal friends, obtain weapons and he also sought intervention from her mother who had then adopted Enkidu. In the epic of Gilgamesh, the gods possessed great powers that showed social values that were adored in the society. Gilgamesh was characterized by military nature and strong social standing for the people he represented and these revealed qualities of a good warrior that is valued within society. In the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh was a bad king, but later he became determined, considering his internal feelings and questioned his eternal mortality. It was the power of gods in the society, but not the population, that redirected his actions so that he may not harm the people. Gilgamesh being a brave warrior, his people had confidence in him and they would fight fearlessly and would emerged victors with everyone they fight with. They fought with a mighty beast Humbaba and defeated him; this shows that even such a mighty enemy was still no match for Gilgameshs extreme skill. It is said that, Gilgameshs tribe is unconquerable, and aroused by small insults, (par. 2). In this regard Gilgameshs virtues as a awesome leader is revealed. He proved his skill of a warrior and leadership ability beyond imagination when he rws the boat across the sea faster than a boat man. For one to be a good leader, one has to prove their powerfulness and ability to defend their people always. Gilgamesh revealed this throughout the entire epic. His intelligence is shown when he sought advise and counseling from his mother who is wise AND worries not (Tramp, par4). His reputation as a leader who sought no fame but fought for whole his kingdom is a true characteristic of a selfless leader. Reputation plays an important role in the play Othello that was written by Shakespeare. It is evident that Iago wouldnt have been able to do what he did without such a good reputation of honesty. In fact Othello praises him and because of Iagos reputation Othello takes caution when he is talking. In the play Iago deceives Othello and all people through his reputation. In the other hand, Othello engages his reputation in every scene of the play, also the varying of Cassios reputation plays an important role in the play. Othello revealed no nonsense military general characters that eventually lead to death of Desdemona. When he heard from Iago that Cassio and Desdemona were cheating on him, he became extremely upset and anxious that he couldnt think clearly and wanted to kill her. He said that I will chop her into messes! Cuckold me? (123 helpme.com, par.3). Othello couldnt believe that Desdemona could deceive him and cheated on him. Because of his reputation, he was unable to throw wo rds on her in that situation. He kept anger in his heart since he knew that his reputation is going to be tarnished when it comes out that his wife was unfaithful to him. Reputation meant a lot to him and this is shown when he said that for naught I did in hate, but all in honor (123helpe.com, par3). His reputation was his treasure in relation to his position as a general and respect that he had from ranked below and above him. At the end of the play Othello died while trying to keep his reputation. In the play, lagos reputation is exact opposite of his true nature. His reputation was being an honest man. He made all people to believe that he was honest as it is written of him as O, thats an honest fellowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, you advice me wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ goodnight honest lago (123helpme.com, par.2). This made Othello to declare his loyalty and friendship to him. He would completely make everybody to strongly believe that he had very good personal qualities and honest person. Therefore, he often uses these qualities to gain favors saying that devils would show good characters first before their inner characters are revealed. Through all these, Lago was able to deceive Othello and made him believe that Desdemona was really unfaithful to him. Desdemonas innocent and pure reputation is destroyed by Iago when he had Othello to begin doubting her. His reputation protected him from being confronted by Othello throughout the scene. No one could doubt Iago, even if it ever came out that he was setting up to destroy Othello, Desmona and Cassino. He always controlled Othellos mind using his reputation to accomplish whatever he intends to do. Because of his honest reputation, he was able to damage Cassios reputation and eventual death of Desdemona and Othello. Throughout the scene, Cassio changes his reputation often and these took a major part in the play. He is shown as an honest, loyal and just soldier but his reputation comes to a halt when he gets drunk. Cassio depended on reputation in order to accomplish his missions, but when he was lowered from his position, his behavior changed and he was afraid of Othello. He said that I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial(123helpme.com, par.4). His reputation was spoiled after being demoted and Othello was not impressed and could not hold him as a friend anymore. Because of his drunkenness, Iago was able to convince Othello that he had affairs with Desdemona and were cheating on him. Othello told Casino that I will make thee an example, (123helpme.com, par.4) and these openly revealed to him that he no longer earns trust from Othello, his friend. As he tried to resolve his differences with Othello, Iogo would come in and disrupts everything. Iago made spoilt reput ation of Cassio has his stepping stone in accomplishing all his plans. Oedipus being the main character is said to have met a tragic fate Oedipus is portrayed as a rash, unreasonable and overly confident king, who is always trying to keep up with his unavoidable fate. In the beginning of the play he is described as a great king and a ruler of the people of Thebes. When the people of Thebes came to him with a problem, he would solve it being a determined king. When the city went through problems he was eager to solve it in order to gain reputation and become a hero, he always looked for such opportunities. The people appreciated his greatness as a king and would always turn to him to find a solution to their problems. Oedipus from the beginning is considered as a great celebrity and a national leader of a state during the time of crisis. Thebes was attacked by plagues and they believed it was a manifestation of the fatal forces of the universe they lived. Because of his wisdom in dealing with adventurous things, people loved, acknowledged and respected h im. They told him that we judge you as the first of men in what happens in this life and in our interactions with the gods (Johnston, par. 20). He was a person who had self assurance and confidence and ready to face any crisis taking it has his own unique challenge. He solved the riddle of the sphinx, he revealed his intelligence. His downfall is as a result of incidents beyond his control, and is rather the result of fate. Answers to Shakespeares Othello Othello begins to doubt Desdemona when she asked Cassio to stay and see the way she would approach Othello, but he went away being ashamed of what he did the previous day. Iago who was with Othello said, Ha! I like not that! and this made Othello have second thoughts about rejecting Cassio and because of his reputations he couldnt be suspicious about his wife and her friend Cassio. Iago builds more doubts when he tells him that the two had been alone together before. When Desdemona leaves with Emilia, Iago preceded convincing Othello of her unfaithfulness. Iago makes Othello to develop jealousness and is not a jealous man by nature. Iago continued to convince Othello that his wife had deceived her father in marrying the Moor. Emilia collaborated with Iago, in collecting the handkerchief that was dropped by Desdemona when she was with Othello but they came convincing Othello that she was using it to wipe Cassios beards. When Othello asked him to produce more evidence, he said that he overheard Cassio mentioning Desdemonas name in a dream and with this he couldnt produce any evidence. Othello lost his sense of humanity as he insulted Desdemona and issued barbaric threats to Cassio. At these scenes it was the lowest point of Othello and on the other hand, it was highest point to Iago who seemed secure in his complete triumph. Difference between Othello Play and the Movie The play is an interpretation of the movie in many ways. It uses the text to develop the story and modernizes characters to appeal to the audience. The audience sees Odin as a basketball player and not a warrior as portrayed in the movie. Racial perception is brought up in a play as there is how uncivilized people are in Africa when Othello describes Africans as being cannibals that eats each other. The theme of jealousy, racial bias and deceitfulness is revealed in both the play and movie. In the play, Rodrigos character is overdramatic, simple minded and dearly loves Desdemona. Though Rodrigos affection seemed adolescent and included jealousy, the movie cannot bring it out. The choice of setting differs in the play and the movie. In the movie the choice of setting in regard to time and geographic location is of a modern era school and surrounding environment portraying modern time. This setting showed the politics involved in high school basketball play. The relationship of womens characters is similar, but the difference comes in the time and setting. The movie uses the difference in the play to emphasize its originality. Conclusion Reputation is important in our society today has it helps everyone in making judgments about others. The hero is more is more likely to be someone who confronts fate in a very personal manner and whose reaction to that encounter serves to illuminate for us our own particular condition. Gilgamesh was a strong and brave thus being qualified as an ideal warrior. He possessed many heroic qualities as powerful, impulsive, sexually aggressive, wanting to conquer the wilderness and protect his people. Othellos reputation played a big role in the outcome of the play and in part caused Desdemonas death and his own. Cassio was a loyal person to be a friend and he always followed orders he was given. Oedipus took every challenge with himself and he had a powerful sense of excellence and self worth. Since he had a high regard for himself, after saving the city when many others could not, people came to him because of his qualities.

Criminal and constant Essay

What impression do we form of childhood in â€Å"I Remember, I Remember† and â€Å"Growing Up†? What similarities/differences do we recognise in the poets’ approach? In the poem â€Å"Growing Up†, by U. A. Fanthorpe, the main theme of childhood is trivialised by the poet in the first stanza. â€Å"Shoplifting daintily into my pram† implies gracefulness and therefore is a humorous. However, at the same time, it is light-hearted and trivialises the age of being a baby. The poet mocks the years when you are a baby, too, describing her action of â€Å"burrowing my way through the long yawn of infancy†. This suggests that she is hiding from the years of infancy. At the same time, it mocks infancy as the â€Å"long yawn† refers to the fact that babies tend to sleep a lot when they are very young. Fanthorpe’s choice of words shows her dislike for childhood. â€Å"Nudging† implies that childhood was urging her insistently and annoyingly to grow up, and she did not want to go through childhood. â€Å"Nudging† implies persistence, which can be perceived to be annoying. Moreover, she relates sordid and negative experiences with growing up. â€Å"Hairy, fleshy growths and monthly outbursts† and â€Å"blood-thighed† are examples of this. This emphasises her dislike for childhood. The poet shows that childhood is mechanical by describing the people who fit into society as â€Å"well-oiled bolts†. This is not a warm description of childhood, showing it to be a horrible part of life. The poet in this poem brings out the idea of childhood being inevitable. â€Å"I tried to annul the future, pretended I knew it already† implies her trying to ignore the future, but constantly getting evidence of her growing up into a woman. This shows that you can’t fight childhood, it will happen whether you like it, or not. The poem suggests that there is something sinister about childhood. Sinister vocabulary is used throughout it, like, â€Å"masking†, â€Å"sabotaging†, â€Å"criminal† and constant negative statements like, â€Å"Not a nice girl. No. † These quotations help to emphasise the negative tone of the poet’s view to childhood. Now I shall move on to analysing â€Å"I Remember, I Remember† by Philip Larkin. Initially, Larkin expresses his journey happened â€Å"in the cold new year†. This suggests that childhood is like a new beginning, but he is not hearty and warm towards it; he appears to be cold towards childhood. Next, Larkin expresses his negative feelings about childhood. â€Å"I wasn’t even clear which side was which† is rather casual, and the tone appears to suggest that he does not really care seriously about childhood. Simultaneously, he degrades childhood to little value when Larkin states, â€Å"No, only where my childhood was unspent, I wanted to retort, just where I started. † By this he means that his childhood was wasted and therefore, it was of little value for him. It was only the foundations of what he would experience in later life. He seems ashamed and embarrassed about his childhood when the poet writes, â€Å"staring at my boots†. At the same time, this implies boredom, too. It is in a complete contrast to the question that his friend asks in the next line, â€Å"Was that where you ‘have your roots? ‘† because roots implies stability, solidity and a positive anchorage symbol. It is a positive question, full of optimism, in contrast to the friend’s view on Coventry and his childhood. The enjambment and illogical order of his recollections of his childhood memories suggest a feeling of spontaneity, which may reflect the author’s view on growing up.

Baldwin & England Your England

England Your England while poking fun at the English way of life, also prides the quirky nature of England. In a way, Orwell tries to reach out to the English people by telling them what makes them unique and why they ought to stand up against an enemy trying to threaten its sovereignty. He elucidates English patriotism by stating â€Å"the tendency of nearly all its inhabitants to feel alike and act together in moments of supreme crisis† (Orwell III). He mentions the points of view of the different classes in England, thereby providing a neutral perspective.He neither commends blind loyalty to the Royal family nor does he agree with the far too pacifist views of the intellectual elite. He also mentions that business class was actually too ignorant to understand that fascism does not necessarily equate to anti-communism. Although Orwell did not entirely support England’s War with Germany, he felt that it was essential to curb the spread of Fascism at any cost. He even f eels that the anti-war sentiment of the English majority is viewed as hypocrisy by rest of the world, since the English Empire was built by waging wars.He also states that â€Å"this war, unless we are defeated, will wipe out most of the existing class privileges†, thereby appealing to the common man about the importance of England winning the War against Germany (Orwell VI). James Baldwin shows appreciation for the Nation of Islam (NOI) movement for having united a lot of African-Americans. However, he does not entirely agree with the NOI, instead of spreading the ideal of race equality, tried to instill feelings of black superiority and hatred of the White race.He states that the Nation of Islam propagated â€Å"historical and divine proof that all white people are cursed, and are devils, and are about to be brought down† (Baldwin 315). Moreover, the Nation of Islam demanded absolute control over the society, rather than sharing equal rights. Baldwin felt that love f or one another was much more significant than racial identity and could never concur with the ideals of the NOI. He stood for mutual co-existence of all races, rather than the separation of society into whites and blacks and therefore did not join the NOI movement.Baldwin condemns the White society for debasing all the other communities including African-Americans. He states that White America is afraid of being â€Å"judged by those who are not white† and therefore fails to love others. He also believes that White America is scared of African-Americans bringing â€Å"new life to the Western achievements and transform them. † He felt that American society had to treat everyone equally and renounce the craving for White superiority, if they wish to avoid facing the same plight.He feels that Whites have gotten used to being superior and racial equality will never occur until White America overcomes the fear of sharing power. In Act One, Hamlet witnesses the ghost of his father telling him that the newly crowned King Claudius actually murdered him to capture the throne. The ghost asks Hamlet to avenge his death and forgive his mother for remarrying Claudius. Horatio, a friend of Hamlet, says â€Å"tis but our fantasy† when he sees the ghost. This suggests that the ghost is actually nothing but an inner feeling that manifests as a mental image.Hence, it would not have been justified if Hamlet killed Claudius immediately after seeing the ghost of his father. It would have meant that the rage of losing his father had blinded Hamlet’s moral judgment. However, Hamlet bound by his principles does not kill Claudius until Polonius’ son Laertes finally confesses that the Claudius murdered his father. Works Cited Baldwin, James. â€Å"Down at the Cross. † 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. New York: Library of America, 1998. 296-347. Orwell, George. 1941. England Your England. I-VI.

5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper

5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper 5 Ways to Get Inspired when Writing a College Paper Y’all know the drill by now. Your professor sets an assignment. You head to the library and get out the relevant textbook. You write up your paper and receive an average grade for your efforts. But what if â€Å"average† isn’t good enough? How do you make your work stand out? How do you get inspired when writing a college paper? One answer is â€Å"independent research,† which will make your work more original. It also demonstrates that you’ve engaged with the topic in depth (rather than merely remembering what you were taught in class). This, however, may involve venturing beyond the library walls in search of inspiration†¦ 1. Conferences and Workshops Some of the best places to get new ideas are academic conferences and workshops, especially if you want to find out about cutting-edge research when it’s first presented. Most conferences are aimed at professional academics and grad students, but it’s definitely worth looking to see if your college is hosting anything relevant to your subject. 2. Books and Journals While a good college library should have everything you need to get by, it’s always worth looking beyond the catalog for additional books and journals. Try checking the reference list in any set texts to see if something grabs your eye. If the library doesn’t have it, ask a librarian if they can order it in. Its here somewhere. Good luck finding it. [Photo: Djembayz/Wikimedia] 3. Getting On(line) The internet, to paraphrase Homer Simpson, is the cause of, and solution to, all of academia’s problems. On the one hand, journal databases provide a quick and easy way to access decades of research in various fields. College message boards, moreover, allow you to discuss academic (and non-academic) matters with other students around the country and beyond. On the other hand, you should be careful when doing research online, as not every internet source is considered suitable for academic work. We’re looking at you, Wikipedia. 4. Talking to Your Lecturers Back in meatspace, you could try asking lecturers, seminar leaders or other academic staff for advice. Most of them will be happy to recommend further reading. Heck, most of them will just be happy you’ve been paying attention. 5. Trade Magazines and Newsletters Finally, if you’re studying a major with connections to a particular industry, reading trade publications will help you to keep up with current news and events in your field. Probably best to go for a slightly more recent issue than this.

Intelligence without representation The WritePass Journal

Intelligence without representation INTRODUCTION Intelligence without representation INTRODUCTIONWhat is Artificial IntelligenceBrooks’ ApproachTruly Intelligent Machine Conclusion ReferencesBibliographyRelated INTRODUCTION Professor Rodney Brooks’ vision is to create a truly intelligent machine without the aid of representation. He argued that when intelligence is approached in an incremental manner, with strict reliance on interfacing to the real world through perception and action, reliance on representation disappears. What is artificial intelligence? What is Brooks’ vision and his approach in achieving this? What constitute a truly intelligent machine? Is Brooks’ approach effective to create machines which are truly intelligent and what obstacles foreseen in his approach? What is Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable. AI is  a field in computer science seeking to create a computer system capable of sensing the world around it, understanding conversations, learning, reasoning, and reaching decisions, just as would a human. AI is a combination of computer science, physiology, and philosophy. AI is a broad topic, consisting of different fields, from machine vision to expert systems. The element that the fields of AI have in common is the creation of machines that can think. In order to classify machines as thinking, it is necessary to define intelligence. To what degree does intelligence consist of, for example, solving complex problems, or making generalizations and relationships? Research into the areas of learning, of language, and of sensory perception has aided scientists in building intelligent machines. One of the most challenging approaches facing experts is building systems that mimic the behaviour of the human brain, made up of billions of neurons, and arguably the most complex matter in the universe. AI has come a long way from its early roots, driven by dedicated researchers. AI really began to intrigue researchers with the invention of the computer in 1943. In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test for artificial intelligence in which a human being is asked to talk with an unseen conversant. The tester sends questions to the machine via teletype and reads its answers; if the subject cannot distinguish  whether the conversation is being held with another human being or a machine, then the machine is deemed to have artificial intelligence. No machine has come close to passing this test, and it is unlikely that one will in the near future. Researchers, however, have made progress on specific pieces of the artificial intelligence puzzle, and some of their work has had substantial  benefits. One area of progress is the field of expert systems, or computer systems designed to  reproduce the knowledge base and decision-making techniques used by experts in a given field. Such a system can train workers and assist in decision making. MYCIN, a program developed in 1976 at Stanford University, suggests possible diagnoses for patients with infectious blood diseases, proposes treatments, and explains its reasoning in English. Corporations have used such systems to reduce the labour costs involved in  repetitive calculations. A system used by American Express since November 1988 to advise when to deny credit to a customer saves the company millions of dollars annually. A second area of artificial intelligence research is the field of artificial perception, or computer vision. Computer vision is the ability to recognize patterns in an image and to separate objects from background as quickly as the human brain. In the 1990s military technology initially developed to analyze spy-satellite images found its way into commercial applications, including monitors for assembly lines, digital cameras, and automotive imaging systems. Another pursuit in artificial intelligence research is natural language processing, the ability to interpret and generate human languages. In this area, as in others related to artificial intelligence research, commercial applications have been delayed as improvements in hardware- the computing power of the machines themselves- have not kept pace with the increasing complexity of software. The field of neural networks seeks to reproduce the architecture of the brain- billions of connected nerve cells- by joining a large number of computer processors through a technique known as parallel processing. A fuzzy systems is a  subset of artificial intelligence research based on the assumption that the world encountered by humans is  filled with approximate rather than precise information. Interest in the field has been particularly strong in Japan, where fuzzy systems have been used in  different applications, from operating subway cars to guiding the sale of securities. Some theorists argue that the technical obstacles to artificial intelligence, while large, are not  attainable. A number of computer experts, philosophers and futurists have speculated on the ethical and spiritual challenges facing society when artificial intelligent machines begin to  mimic human personality traits, including memory, emotion, and consciousness. Brooks’ vision Professor Rodney Brooks stated in his report his approach of creating artificial intelligence as [1]: We must incrementally build up the capabilities of intelligent systems, having complete systems at each step of the way and thus automatically ensure that the pieces and their interfaces are valid. At each step we should build complete intelligent systems that we let loose in the real world with real sensing and real action. Anything less provides a candidate with which we can delude ourselves. He backed his approach by claiming to have [1] built series of autonomous mobile robots following this approach and made mention to have reached an unexpected conclusion (C) and have a rather radical hypothesis (H). (C)  Ã‚   When we examine very simple level intelligence we find that explicit representations and models of the world simply get in the way. It turns out to be better to use the world as its own model. (H)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Representation is the wrong unit of abstraction in building the bulkiest parts of intelligent systems. Brooks’ Approach Incremental Intelligence Brooks stated in his desire to build completely autonomous mobile agents that co-exist in the world with humans and they shall be seen by human beings as intelligent beings in their own right. He called such agents Creatures. He declared this as his intellectual motivation however, immediately declared his non-particular interest in demonstrating how human beings work. Having considered the parable of the AF researchers, he convinces himself to tread carefully in the endeavour to avoid some nasty pitfalls. He considered the problem of building these Creatures as an engineering problem. He then stated some of the requirements he needed in order to build these Creatures as: A Creature must cope appropriately and in a timely fashion with changes in its dynamic environment. A Creature should be robust with respect to its environment; minor changes in the properties of the world should not lead to total collapse of the Creatures behaviour; rather one should expect only a gradual change in capabilities of the Creature as the environment changes more and more. A Creature should be able to maintain multiple goals and, depending on the circumstances it finds itself in, change which particular goals it is actively pursuing; thus it can both adapt to surroundings and capitalize on fortuitous circumstances. A Creature should do something in the world; it should have some purpose in being. Having set out all the requirements he needed to build the Creature, he then considered some of the valid engineering approaches needed in achieving these requirements. He stated that it is [1] necessary to decompose a complex system into parts, build the parts, then interface them into a complete system. Decomposition by function Traditionally, the notion of intelligent systems has been of a central system with perceptual modules as inputs and action modules as outputs. The perceptual modules deliver a symbolic description of the world and the action modules take a symbolic description of desired actions and make sure they happen in the world. This makes the central system a symbolic information processor. Brooks argued that the central system be decomposed into smaller pieces. He also stressed that when researchers working on a particular module get to choose both the inputs and the outputs that specify the module requirements he believe there is little chance the work they do will fit into a complete intelligent system. He made mention of a bug in the functional decomposition approach which is hard to fix and admitted the need of a long chain of modules to connect perception to action. He rounded up decomposition by function saying these modules must be built first in order to test any of them but emphasis that until realistic modules are built it is highly unlikely that they can predict exactly what modules will be need or what interfaces the Creatures will need. Decomposition by activity This is an alternative decomposition aforementioned which makes no distinction between peripheral systems, such as vision and central systems. Rather the fundamental slicing up of an intelligent system is in the orthogonal direction dividing it into activity producing subsystems. Each activity or behaviour producing system individually connects sensing to action. This activity producing system is referred to as layer. An activity is said to be a pattern of interactions with the world. Another name for these activities is said to be skill. The word activity was chosen however, because the layers must decide when to act for themselves, not by some subroutine to be invoked at the beck and call of some other later. Brooks gave an advantage of this approach as giving an incremental path from very simple systems to complex autonomous intelligent systems. He stressed the necessity of building one small piece at each step of the way and interfacing it to an existing, working, complete intelligence. No Representation versus No Central Representation Another Brooks’ approach is to eliminate the idea of having a central representation or central system. He said and I quote â€Å"Each activity producing layer connects perception to action directly. It is only the observer of the Creature who imputes a central representation or central control. The Creature itself has none; it is a collection of competing behaviours. Out of the local chaos of their interactions there emerges, in the eye of an observer, a coherent pattern of behaviour. There is no central purposeful locus of control.†Ã‚   He claimed however, that there need be no explicit representation of either the world or the intentions of the system to generate intelligent behaviours for a Creature. He acknowledged the fact that an extremist might say that his approach do have representations however, swiftly defended his approach by claiming that are just explicit. He differentiates his approach from the standard representation by claiming; No variables need instantiation in reasoning processes. No rules which need to be selected through pattern matching. No choice to be made. To a large extent the state of the world determines the action of the Creature. The methodology, in practice In order for Brooks to build systems based on activity decomposition so that they are truly robust he stated that they must follow a careful methodology. Methodological maxims First, it is vitally important to test the Creatures they build in the real world; i.e., in the same world that we humans inhabit. He also point out that it is disastrous to fall into the temptation of testing them in a simplified world first, even with the best intentions of later transferring activity to an unsimplified world. With a simplified world (matte painted walls, rectangular vertices everywhere, colour blocks as the only obstacles) it is very easy to accidentally build a submodule of the system which happens to rely on some of those simplified properties. This reliance can then easily be reflected in the requirements on the interfaces between that submodule and others. Second, as each layer is built it must be tested extensively in the real world. The system must interact with the real world over extended periods. Its behaviour must be observed and be carefully and thoroughly debugged. When a second layer is added to an existing layer there are three potential sources of bugs: the first layer, the second layer, or the interaction of the two layers. Eliminating the first of this source of bugs as a possibility makes finding bugs much easier. Furthermore, there is only one thing possible to vary in order to fix the bugs- the second layer. Truly Intelligent Machine Conclusion References [1] Brooks, R. (1991). Intelligence without representation. Artificial Intelligence 47 , 139-159. Bibliography Kurzweil, Ray.  The Age of Spiritual Machines.  New York: Viking, 1999. Partridge, Derek.  A New Guide to Artificial Intelligence.  Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1991. Shapiro, Stuart C., ed.  Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence.  2d ed. New York: Wiley, 1992. Turbam, Efraim.  Expert Systems and Applied Artificial Intelligence.  New York: MacMillan, 1992. answers.com/topic/artificial-intelligence

Financial Management week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Management week 5 - Essay Example By using the resources optimally, financial management can actually help a company to remain financial stable even during hard times when a firm is unable to generate sufficient sales. Cash flows of an organization are considered its life blood because without cash an organization cannot simply exist. It is therefore critical for every organization to manage its cash flow in optimal manner in order to generate sufficient liquidity to pay off its day to day expenses as well as debts. (Webster, Gans, Milburn, & Simmons, Jr., 2007) If cash flows are not managed properly, first thing a company will experience will be the constraints on its liquidity. Apart from liquidity, firm may also not been able to pay for its day to day expenses which could invariably result into its decline. Improper cash flow management may also result into non-optimal use of cash into activities which may not help maximize the returns to the shareholders of the

Japanese Popular Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japanese Popular Music - Essay Example ers, who though being naturally conversant with and affiliated to the ancient Japanese musical traditions, were really open minded towards the influences extended by the American, British and European artists. Hence, J-Pop is not steel jacketed or a rigidly monolithic entity, but a pliable and variegated concept that comprises of all the current genres of Western music that one can think of. Therefore, it is not a surprise that J-Pop is oft blamed of pirating beats and lyrics from the Western musical scene (Japanese Lifestyle, 2009).There is no denying the fact that the primary source of inspiration for J-Pop is Western pop music. However, it will be grossly simplistic to say that J-Pop is merely a pirated Japanese version of the original Western pop compositions. The motivation for the assimilation of American and British pop influences is enshrined within the history of modern Japan. As Japan became respective to the foreign ideas and influences in a post II World War scenario, it was natural and inevitable for its fledgling pop culture to be colored by the more virile Western music scene. Hence, this is a reality that most of the J-Pop artists look towards the West for new ideas and inspiration. Still, the real forte of J-Pop is its unique ability of subjecting the Western compositions to a distinctly local influence that alters them conspicuously, thereby giving them a very discernable Japanese pop flavor (Japanese Lifestyle, 2009). Thus, the Western audiences are though often able to identify the sources of motivation of some J-Pop compositions, still they simply could not resist appreciating the implicit uniqueness and ingenuity of J-Pop. In fact, it was J-Wave, a local FM radio station that christened this distinctly Western version of the... Just a decade ago, a majority of the J-Pop artists looked towards Western markets to realize their ambition of becoming an overseas success. Despite enjoying a close cultural affinity with the neighboring Asian countries, the J-Pop artists were reluctant to foray into the Asian climes owing to fears of large-scale piracy . Yet, it is a fact that a majority of the Asian masses being unable to identify with Western songs and compositions are more receptive and open to J-Pop. Things are fast changing and Japanese music companies are responding to this propitious opportunity by resorting to aggressive marketing in Asian countries. At present, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea happen to be some of the largest markets of J-Pop outside Japan. The advent of the internet has further added to the international appeal of J-Pop. With the works of celebrated J-Pop artists available on online retail stores, the musical side of the Japanese popular culture is expected to be further globalized. As J -Pop is getting international, even Western audience are succumbing to its appeal, as it is really ease to respond to the essence of J-Pop compositions even if one does not understand the lyrics. J-Pop happens to be an essentially Asian music genre that reluctantly began as an outcome of the political and cultural constraints, limitations and opportunities that faced the post War Japan. An aesthetic trend, which started with an urge to appeal to the taste of the victorious Western audience, very soon ended up having a distinct identity of its own. All that was needed was a cosmopolitan platform and astute marketing possibilities that were facilitated by the TV and the internet. Today J-Pop is an art form whose sway is destined to proceed beyond Asian markets to win the loyalty and fan following of the Western masses.

Teen Gang Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Teen Gang Violence - Essay Example After months of this daily grind in a hot, inhospitable place, the Grants head back to Princeton to interpret the data." (12-14). Weiner describes Endler's work: "What the Grants are to Darwin's finches, Endler is to guppies. His guppies live in northeastern South America, in the small streams that zigzag down the mountains of Venezuela, Margarita Island, Trinidad, and Tobago, flashing through steep, undisturbed green forests and then the broad spreads of the old cacao and coffee plantations, on their way to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic".(12) Weiner discusses the guppies: "When Endler analyzed his guppy surveys, he discovered a pattern. The spots on each guppy look chaotic, but the spots of all the populations of guppies in a stream, taken together, from the headwaters down to the base, have a kind of order. The spots on each population of guppies bear a simple relationship to the number of guppy eaters in their part of the stream. The more numerous the guppies' enemies were, the smaller and fainter the guppies' spots. The fewer their enemies, the larger and brighter their spots were" (13). As Endler shows, environments influences characteristics, the same can be seen in human environments. The guppies are basically shaped by their environment. The environment has a strong impact on the youth and guppies. The prevalence of youth gangs in a place will most likely increase the number of youth who are involved in gang activities. Similarly, the presence of guppies in a place gives way to a community of guppies that are present there.In the United States alone, almost 5,000 communities report having juvenile gangs (Moore and Terrett, 6). These communities have a total of 31,000 juvenile gangs with a membership of around 850,000 young people. These numbers shows that juvenile gangs are present on local communities throughout the United States (Moore and Terrett, 6). Similarly, guppies tend to stay together in a particular stream. Endler studied the streams which are natural laboratories for the study of natural selection of guppies. Weiner writes further "Endler developed s tandardized methods of identifying the guppies and measuring guppy spots. His method of study is as careful Grants' methods with Darwin's finches. He learned to anesthetize and photograph each guppy he caught. Then from the photographs he recorded the color and position of each spot of every male guppy, dividing each guppy into dozens of sectors to make a standardized guppy map that is easy to read, to tally, and to enter into a computer." (14-15). There are factors that affect the presence of gangs and guppies. In the case of guppies, Weiner cites that "Endler found guppies and at least a few of their enemies in almost every section of almost every stream, from the headwaters near the summit of each mountain to the plains and plantations below. Neither the guppies nor the guppy eaters can swim up a waterfall, nor the population of each section of stream tend to stay put" (16).There are predisposing factors for youth gangs. "Poverty and marginalization" are major factors that signal the presence of youth gangs in a community (Duffy and Gilig, 25). Duffy and Gilig explain that marginalization is a term that refers to the state of

Patchwork Essay Example for Free

Patchwork Essay â€Å"The relationship between the object and the intervening spaces is not formal: it is always rooted in the context of a particular setting† Dalibor Vesely (in Brooker and Stone, 2007, p. 57). The Neues or New Museum (see figure [1]) was completely built in 1855. The building was design by a Prussian architect, Karl Friedrich Schinkel. The purpose of the building was originally built as an extension house to accommodate Altes Museum. Most of Karl Friedrich Schinkel’s works were Neo-Classical, such as, Neue Wache also known as New Gate House and The Konzerthaus Berlin (von Buttlar, A. Architectural Guide [2012], pg 4). Architecture in style of Neo-Classic contains the component of characteristic temple-like features of Greek and Rome (for instance, Acropolis in Athens and The Pantheon in†¯Rome) Architecture, rolls of tall columns, pediments and domed roof, for example (see figure [2]). One of the most important elements in Greek and Roman architecture was balance and symmetry (see figure [3]) which was hugely influential in the structure of neo-classical. Many neo-classical architecture have one component that can be identified as its style, the use of columns, that are normally built to almost the same height as the building. Columns are used to secure the symmetrical and balance of the dimension of the building as it is the efficacious†¯and evident use of method as for exterior. Also, the uses of columns support the pediment. The arch and columns, however, have comparatively become a symbol of Greek and Romans architectural style. Some believes those features are a conspicuous and crucial part in the revival of its style. Thus it remains a ‘staple of neoclassical architecture’, together with its ‘distinctive domed roof’ (N/A. (2012) NeoClassic, [Online], Avalible at :http://www.neoclassic.com) . Neues Museum built in a Neo – Classical style that began in the 19th century, the building spanned over three floors including a grand staircase. The design of the Neues is heavily influenced by Stoa in Athens classical Greek architecture. Inside this building is a broad staircase and iconic columns, which lead towards a bronze portal that then leads to a double staircase to the ending upper floor which was nearly destroyed during the Second World War. In 2003, British architect David Chipperfield, whose aim was to restore the parts of the build that were destroyed while also keeping conservation requirements. He wanted to keep to the original structure while creating continuity with the existing structure. The newly designed expedition rooms were built mainly of pre – fabricated concrete elements, which consist of Saxonian marble chips. In the Northwest wing of the new build it was constructed by recycled handmade bricks. David Chipperfield has managed to not only keep the original quality of the build but almost enhance its structure without losing any of the builds feature. (Minner , Kelly . Neues Museum / David Chipperfield Architects in collaboration with Julian Harrap 28 Apr 2011. ArchDaily. http://www.archdaily.com/127936) In conclusion, after the research through this essay, we strongly agree with the quote â€Å"The relationship between the object and the intervening spaces is not formal: it is always rooted in the context of a particular setting†. Hence the Neues Museum is situated on an island which surrounded by other neo-classical architecture, even though the bu ilding was built after the neo-classical trend had become unfashionable. Thus that makes the Neues Museum blends in with its environment. Bibliography von Buttlar , Adrian. Neues Museum Berlin. Architectural Guide: Deutscher Kunstverlag (Mar 2010) Hà ¶fer, Candida and Kenneth Frampton. Neues Museum Berlin: By David Chipperfield Architects in Collaboration with Julian Harrap: (English Edition) Walther Kà ¶nig (30 Nov 2009) Mustertitel . The Neues Museum Berlin: Conserving, Restoring, Rebuilding Within the World Heritage : Art Stock Books Ltd (30 Mar 2009) archdaily.com http://www.archdaily.com/127936/neues-museum-david-chipperfield-architects-in-collaboration-with-julian-harrap/ http://www.neues-museum.de/ http://www.neues-museum.de/architektur.php http://architecture.about.com/od/neoclassical/a/What-Is-Neoclassical-Architecture.htm Figure [1] The Neues Museum [http://www.archdaily.com/127936/neues-museum-david-chipperfield-architects -in-collaboration-with-julian-harrap/] Figure [2] Dome roof Pediment Roll of columns [http://www.architecture411.com/common/notes/1/roman_pantheon.jpg] Figure [3] Symmetrical Balance [http://gogermany.about.com/od/picturesofgermany/ig/Museum-Island-Berlin-Photos/Neues-Museum-Berlin-.htm]

Women In The Industrial Revolution Essays -- Womens Studies

Women's Work in the Industrial Revolution The industrial revolution swept through Europe and North America during the 19th century, affecting the class structure, economy, government, and even the religious practices of everyone who lived in or did commerce with these new "industrialized nations." It made the modern age possible, but it was not without its "growing pains." The position of women before the industrial revolution was often equivalent to chattel, and then as now, they were expected to take naturally to housework and child rearing. The history of working women in the Industrial Revolution is rife with accounts of abuse and tragedy, but overall it improved their position in capitalist societies. Below, I will explain the different positions women held in society, the home, and the workplace during the Industrial Revolution in Europe and America, and compare them to history and to contemporary women. Women in Victorian Society It is important to remember that the Industrial Revolution came to a close with the end of the Victorian era. The technology of the industrial revolution (and the economy of colonialism) made a large amount of surplus consumer materials available. Cheap food and clothing improved the average quality of life of the working poor, allowing them to have more children who lived longer, creating a larger labor pool. Larger families required mothers to work more hours in the home and out of it. This was reinforced in England and the US by the development of Victorian morality, which placed the ideal woman at the head of an ideal household, leading the moral life of the nation. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, women suffered from decreasing job opportunities, as "cotta... ...f indentured servitude that was one of the main motivations behind the labor movement. Conclusion Women's lives changed drastically in the Industrial Revolution, whether they stayed home and benefited from new advances in consumer-goods technology, or if they worked factory jobs. The opportunities that industrialization offered women carried the same risks to health and happiness as those offered to working men, but they also brought about a sea change in social acceptance of women's self-sufficiency and weakened the concept of woman as home- and baby-maker. Although tragedies like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and the exploitative practices of the Industrial Revolution affected women in negative ways that even now, the current economy has not fully eradicated, it was the first in a series of huge steps that gave gender equality considerable momentum.